Comparative Personality Assessment of Three Captive Primate Species: Macaca nigra, Macaca sylvanus, and Saimiri sciureus

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Baker ◽  
S. E. G. Lea ◽  
V. A. Melfi
Keyword(s):  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Macaca Sylvanus ◽  
Macaca Nigra

scholarly journals Primate community of the tropical rain forests of Saracá-Taqüera National Forest, Pará, Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1091-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
LC. Oliveira ◽  
D. Loretto ◽  
LR. Viana ◽  
JS. Silva-Jr. ◽  
W. G. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Cebus Olivaceus ◽  
Museum Data ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Chiropotes Sagulatus ◽  
Primate Community

Brazil is the richest country in the world in terms of primate species and the Amazonian rain forest is one of the richest biomes containing 15 (ca. 90%) of the Neotropical primate genera. Although considered key elements in conservation strategies, there is only anecdotal information on primates for several protected areas within the region. Here we present new data on the community composition of the primates in the Saracá-Taqüera National Forest (429,600 ha), an actively mined, bauxite rich area, in Pará, Brazil. We used information from the literature, technical reports, museum data, and interviews conducted with agents from the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Natural Renewable Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis - IBAMA) and members of the local "Quilombo" community. In addition, from July 2003 to June 2007, we carried out 19 field trips ranging from 10 to15 days each, amounting to a total effort of 1,230 hours and 1,420 km of censuses, resulting in 1,034 records of eight primate species (Saguinus martinsi, Saguinus midas, Saimiri sciureus, Cebus apella, Pithecia pithecia, Chiropotes sagulatus, Ateles paniscus, and Alouatta macconelli). Two other species (Cebus olivaceus and Aotus trivirgatus) were recorded only indirectly, through interviews and literature data. In all, Alouatta macconelli was the most frequently recorded species (43% of all records); while Saguinus midas and P. pithecia were the least (ca. 0.4 and 0.6% of all records). Based on our results, we discuss group sizes as well as taxonomic problems concerning the genera Pithecia and Chiropotes, for which we registered individuals displaying phenotypic geographical variation and two different forms, respectively. Despite the deforestation inherent in bauxite mining, the Saracá-Taqüera National Forest still has a remarkable richness of primate species. Our study results place this National Forest amongst the richest reserves, in terms of primate species, in the Amazon region.

scholarly journals Familiar and unfamiliar face recognition in crested macaques ( Macaca nigra )

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 150109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Micheletta ◽  
Jamie Whitehouse ◽  
Lisa A. Parr ◽  
Paul Marshman ◽  
Antje Engelhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Pictorial Representation ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Macaca Nigra ◽  
Unfamiliar Face ◽  
Unfamiliar Faces

Many species use facial features to identify conspecifics, which is necessary to navigate a complex social environment. The fundamental mechanisms underlying face processing are starting to be well understood in a variety of primate species. However, most studies focus on a limited subset of species tested with unfamiliar faces. As well as limiting our understanding of how widely distributed across species these skills are, this also limits our understanding of how primates process faces of individuals they know, and whether social factors (e.g. dominance and social bonds) influence how readily they recognize others. In this study, socially housed crested macaques voluntarily participated in a series of computerized matching-to-sample tasks investigating their ability to discriminate (i) unfamiliar individuals and (ii) members of their own social group. The macaques performed above chance on all tasks. Familiar faces were not easier to discriminate than unfamiliar faces. However, the subjects were better at discriminating higher ranking familiar individuals, but not unfamiliar ones. This suggests that our subjects applied their knowledge of their dominance hierarchies to the pictorial representation of their group mates. Faces of high-ranking individuals garner more social attention, and therefore might be more deeply encoded than other individuals. Our results extend the study of face recognition to a novel species, and consequently provide valuable data for future comparative studies.

scholarly journals Determinación de los orígenes geográficos de los mamíferos silvestres decomisados por la Secretaría Distrital del Ambiente (SDA) en Bogotá (Colombia) mediante análisis moleculares durante 2017-2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-136
Author(s):  
Manuel Ruiz-García ◽  
Norberto Leguizamón ◽  
Aurita Bello ◽  
Myreya Pinedo-Castro ◽  
Juan Manuel Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Cebus Apella ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Cebus Albifrons ◽  
Colombian Amazon ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Resumen En un país megadiverso, como Colombia, el nivel de tráfico ilegal de fauna es elevado. Una vez que esa fauna es decomisada es importante volverla a reintroducir en los lugares geográficos de donde proviene (en el supuesto caso que esa fauna esté en las condiciones óptimas para ser liberada). Durante 2017-2018, la Secretaría Distrital del Ambiente (SDA) decomisó 172 especímenes de mamíferos silvestres en la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). Estos mamíferos pertenecieron a cinco órdenes (Primates, Rodentia, Carnivora, Didelphimorpha, y Xenarthra) y representaron 28 especies diferentes. El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es mostrar la utilización de un conjunto de genes mitocondriales y nucleares (dependiendo de las especies) para determinar los orígenes geográficos de cada uno de esos especímenes. Aquí se muestran esos orígenes, lo que permite visualizar de qué áreas del país se produce mayoritariamente tráfico ilegal de mamíferos silvestres que llega a Bogotá, aunque en algunos casos no se pudo determinar el origen exacto de algunos especímenes. Cuatro especies de mamíferos, tres primates y una ardilla, (Cebus albifrons, Saimiri sciureus, Sciurus granatensis, y Cebus apella) representaron el 70 % de los ejemplares de mamíferos decomisados en Bogotá durante 2017-2018. La primera especie de primate y la ardilla procedieron mayoritariamente del norte del país (Costa Atlántica, Antioquia, y Santanderes), mientras que las otras dos especies de primates procedieron primordialmente de los Llanos Orientales y zona amazónica cercana a los Llanos. Adicionalmente, un segundo objetivo, más colateral, es la discusión de algunas cuestiones sistemáticas de los taxones decomisados. Abstra ct In a megadiverse country, such as Colombia is, the level of illegal fauna traffic is high. Once this fauna is confiscated, it is relevant to reintroduce it to the precise wild geographic area where was extracted (in the case that this fauna is in optimal condition to be released). During 2017-2018, the Secretaría Distrital del Ambiente (SDA) seized 172 specimens of wild mammals in the city of Bogotá (Colombia). These mammals belonged to five orders (Primates, Rodentia, Carnivora, Didelphimorpha, and Xenarthra) and represented 28 different species. The first and main objective is to show how a set of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (depending on each species) could help to determine the geographical origins of each one of these specimens. We herein show these origins, which allows us to know from what country’s area the illegal fauna is coming to Bogotá, although in some cases we did not identify the precise origin of some specimens. Four mammalian species, three primates and one squirrel, (Cebus albifrons, Saimiri sciureus, Sciurus granatensis, and Cebus apella) represented 70 % of the mammalian specimens seized in Bogotá during 2017-2018. The first primate and the squirrel species were mainly originated from the northern area of the country (Atlantic coast, Antioquia, and Santanderes), meanwhile the other two primate species were primarily from the Eastern Llanos and surrounding areas from the northern Colombian Amazon. Additionally, a second, more collateral, objective is the discussion of some systematical questions of these taxa seized.

scholarly journals Olfactory sensitivity for aliphatic alcohols in squirrel monkeys and pigtail macaques

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (11) ◽  
pp. 1633-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Laska ◽  
Alexandra Seibt
Keyword(s):  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Aliphatic Alcohols ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Olfactory Sensitivity ◽  
Olfactory Detection ◽  
Pigtail Macaques

SUMMARY The view that primates are microsmatic animals is based mainly on an interpretation of neuroanatomical features, whereas physiological evidence of a poorly developed sense of smell in this order of mammals is largely lacking. Using a conditioning paradigm, we therefore assessed the olfactory sensitivity of three squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and of four pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) for a homologous series of aliphatic alcohols (ethanol to 1-octanol) and isomeric forms of some of these substances. In the majority of cases, the animals of both species significantly discriminated concentrations below 1 part per million from the odourless solvent, and with 1-hexanol individual monkeys even demonstrated thresholds below 10 parts per billion. The results showed (i) that both primate species have a well-developed olfactory sensitivity for aliphatic alcohols, which for the majority of substances matches or even is better than that of species such as the rat, (ii) that both species generally show very similar olfactory detection thresholds for aliphatic alcohols, and (iii) that a significant negative correlation between perceptibility in terms of olfactory detection threshold and carbon chain length of both the aliphatic 1-and 2-alcohols exists in both species. These findings support the idea that across-species comparisons of neuroanatomical features are a poor predictor of olfactory performance and that general labels such as `microsmat' or`macrosmat', which are usually based on allometric comparisons of olfactory brain structures, are inadequate to describe the olfactory capabilities of a species. Further, our findings suggest that olfaction may play an important and hitherto underestimated role in the regulation of behaviour in the species tested.

scholarly journals Downregulation of p56lck Tyrosine Kinase Activity in T Cells of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) Correlates with the Nontransforming and Apathogenic Properties of Herpesvirus Saimiri in Its Natural Host

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (19) ◽  
pp. 9252-9261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timm Greve ◽  
Gültekin Tamgüney ◽  
Bernhard Fleischer ◽  
Helmut Fickenscher ◽  
Barbara M. Bröker
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Herpesvirus Saimiri ◽  
Endogenous Virus

ABSTRACT Herpesvirus saimiri is capable of transforming T lymphocytes of various primate species to stable growth in culture. The interaction of the T-cellular tyrosine kinase p56 lck with the transformation-associated viral protein Tip has been shown before to activate the kinase and provides one model for the T-cell-specific transformation by herpesvirus saimiri subgroup C strains. In contrast to other primate species, squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) are naturally infected with the virus without signs of lymphoma or other disease. Although the endogenous virus was regularly recovered from peripheral blood cells from squirrel monkeys, we observed that the T cells lost the virus genomes in culture. Superinfection with virus strain C488 did not induce growth transformation, in contrast to parallel experiments with T cells of other primate species. Surprisingly, p56 lck was enzymatically inactive in primary T-cell lines derived from different squirrel monkeys, although the T cells reacted appropriately to stimulatory signals. The cDNA sequence revealed minor point mutations only, and transfections in COS-7 cells demonstrated that the S. sciureus lck gene codes for a functional enzyme. In S. sciureus, the tyrosine kinase p56 lck was not activated after T-cell stimulation and enzymatic activity could not be induced by Tip of herpesvirus saimiri C488. However, the suppression of p56 lck was partially released after administration of the phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate. This argues for unique species-specific conditions in T cells of S. sciureus which may interfere with the transforming activity and pathogenicity of herpesvirus saimiri subgroup C strains in their natural host.

scholarly journals Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Yasha Ferreira de La Salles ◽  
Juliana Molina Martins ◽  
Brunna Muniz Rodrigues Falcão ◽  
José Rômulo Soares Dos Santos ◽  
Guildenor Xavier Medeiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Conus Medullaris ◽  
Capuchin Monkey ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Anatomic Location ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. On average, the lumbosacral space measured 3.03 mm, that is sufficient to introduce a needle similar to that used in syringes for insulin injection. The results of this study suggest the lumbarsacral space as location for epidural anesthetic application in Callithrix jacchus, at a safe point situated in the center of an isosceles triangle, the base of which is found when a line is drawn from one side of the pelvis to the other, and the apex corresponds the spinal process of the first sacral vertebra.Discussion: The anatomic location of the conus medullaris is different compared to two other primate species, the red handed tamarin (Saguinus midas), in which the cone base was registered at L4 and the apex at S2, and the common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) where the conus medullaris base occurs at L7-8 and the apex at S3 or Cc1. However, some similarities with other mammal groups were observed in the conus medullaris topography, such as the black-striped capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus). The mean conus medullaris length of the species Callithrix jacchus of 1.4 cm was close to that observed in the coypu, capuchin monkey and sloth, and significantly smaller than the means obtained for the red handed tamarin and common squirrel monkey and other non-primate mammals reported in the literature. The lumbosacral space is the location indicated for epidural anesthesia in Callithrix jacchus, that has also been indicated for other wild mammals such as the black-striped capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus), the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), the tayra (Eira barbara), the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), the crab-eating racoon (Procyon cancrivorus) and the coypu (Myocastor coypus).

Striking Differences in Transmission of Corticospinal Excitation to Upper Limb Motoneurons in Two Primate Species

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 698-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Nakajima ◽  
M. A. Maier ◽  
P. A. Kirkwood ◽  
R. N. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Hand Function ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Antidromic Activation

There is considerable debate as to the relative importance, for cortical control of upper limb movements, of direct cortico-motoneuronal (CM) versus indirect, propriospinal transmission of corticospinal excitation to cervical motoneurons. In the cat, which has no CM connections, a significant proportion of corticospinal excitation reaches forelimb motoneurons via a system of C3–C4propriospinal neurons (PN). In contrast, in the macaque monkey most motoneurons receive direct CM connections, and, under the same experimental conditions as in the cat, there is little evidence for PN transmission. We have investigated corticospinal transmission in the New World squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus) because its CM projections are weaker than in the macaque. Intracellular recordings were made from motoneurons identified from the ulnar, median, and deep radial (DR) nerves in four adult squirrel monkeys under chloralose anesthesia and neuromuscular paralysis. Responses to stimulation of the contralateral medullary pyramid were recorded before and after a lesion to the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) at C5, designed to interrupt direct corticospinal inputs to the lower cervical segments and unmask PN-mediated effects. This lesion greatly reduced the proportion of motoneurons showing either CM EPSPs or disynaptic IPSPs, but the proportion showing late EPSPs with segmental latencies beyond the monosynaptic range, evoked by repetitive but not single PT stimuli, was unaffected: 23 of 29 motoneurons (79%) before and 32 of 37 (86%) after the lesion; 41% of these late EPSPs had strictly disynaptic latencies after the lesion, only 14% before. These results are in striking contrast to the macaque (late EPSPs in only 18% of motoneurons before a C5 lesion, 19% after it). Transmission of the late EPSPs via C3–C4 PNs in the squirrel monkey was indicated by their absence after an additional C2 DLF lesion. Nearly all tested motoneurons also responded with short latency EPSPs to stimulation in the ipsilateral lateral reticular nucleus. By analogy with the cat, these EPSPs probably reflect antidromic activation of ascending collaterals of C3–C4 PNs with monosynaptic connections to motoneurons; the EPSPs were significantly smaller than in the cat but larger than in the macaque. These results suggest that the positive correlation across species between more advanced hand function and the strength of the CM system is accompanied by a negative correlation between hand function and the strength of the PN system. We hypothesize that in primates with more advanced hand function, the CM system effectively replaces PN-mediated control. This would include a contribution to the control of reaching movements, which are said to be specifically under the control of the PN system in the cat, and we speculate that these differences may be related to the degree of dexterity exhibited by the different species. This interpretation of the results predicts that in man, where the CM system is highly developed, the PN system is unlikely to be responsible for significant transmission of cortical commands to upper limb motoneurons.

Variations of colour vision in a New World primate can be explained by polymorphism of retinal photopigments

1984 ◽  
Vol 222 (1228) ◽  
pp. 373-399 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Colour Vision ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Behavioural Tests ◽  
Absorbance Spectra

The squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ) exhibits a polymorphism of colour vision: some animals are dichromatic, some trichromatic, and within each of these classes there are subtypes that resemble the protan and deutan variants of human colour vision. For each of ten individual monkeys we have obtained (i) behavioural measurements of colour vision and (ii) microspectrophotometric measurements of retinal photopigments. The behavioural tests, carried out in Santa Barbara, included wavelength discrimination, Rayleigh matches, and increment sensitivity at 540 and 640 nm. The microspectrophotometric measurements were made in London, using samples of fresh retinal tissue and a modified Liebman microspectrophotometer: the absorbance spectra for single retinal cells were obtained by passing a monochromatic measuring beam through the outer segments of individual rods and cones. The two types of data, behavioural and microspectrophotometric, were obtained independently and were handed to a third party before being interchanged between experimenters. From all ten animals, a rod pigment was recorded with λ max (wavelength of peak absorbance) close to 500 nm. In several animals, receptors were found that contained a short-wave pigment (mean λ max = 433.5 nm): these violet-sensitive receptors were rare, as in man and other primate species. In the middle- to long-wave part of the spectrum, there appear to be at least three possible Saimiri photopigments (with λ max values at about 537, 550 and 565 nm) and individual animals draw either one or two pigments from this set, giving dichromatic or trichromatic colour vision. Thus, those animals that behaviourally resembled human protanopes exhibited only one pigment in the red-green range, with λ max = 537 nm ; other behaviourally dichromatic animals had single pigments lying at longer wavelengths and these were the animals that behaviourally had higher sensitivity to long wavelengths. Four of the monkeys were behaviourally judged to be trichromatic. None of the latter animals exhibited the two widely separated pigments (close to 535 and 567 nm) that are found in the middle- and long-wave cones of macaque monkeys. But the spread of λ max values for individual cones was greater in the trichromatic squirrel monkeys than in the dichromats; and in the case of three, behaviourally deuteranomalous, trichromats there wasclear evidence that the distribution of λ max values was bimodal, suggesting photopigments at approximately 552 and 565 nm. The fourth, behaviourally protanomalous, trichrom at exhibited a spread of individual λ max values that ranged between 530 and 550 nm. Good quantitative agreement was found when the microspectrophoto-metrically measured absorbance spectra were used to predict the behavioural sensitivity of individual animals to long wavelengths. The concordance of the two sets of measurements places beyond question the existence of a polymorphism of colour vision in Saimiri sciureus and suggests that the behavioural variation arises from variation in the retinal photopigments. Heterozygous advantage may explain the polymorphism.

Handwriting Analysis and Personality Assessment

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Greasley
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Handwriting Analysis ◽  
Recruitment Process ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Personnel Recruitment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Better Than

It has been estimated that graphology is used by over 80% of European companies as part of their personnel recruitment process. And yet, after over three decades of research into the validity of graphology as a means of assessing personality, we are left with a legacy of equivocal results. For every experiment that has provided evidence to show that graphologists are able to identify personality traits from features of handwriting, there are just as many to show that, under rigorously controlled conditions, graphologists perform no better than chance expectations. In light of this confusion, this paper takes a different approach to the subject by focusing on the rationale and modus operandi of graphology. When we take a closer look at the academic literature, we note that there is no discussion of the actual rules by which graphologists make their assessments of personality from handwriting samples. Examination of these rules reveals a practice founded upon analogy, symbolism, and metaphor in the absence of empirical studies that have established the associations between particular features of handwriting and personality traits proposed by graphologists. These rules guide both popular graphology and that practiced by professional graphologists in personnel selection.

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