Stressed Out: Demonstrating the Effects of Abiotic and Biotic Stress on an Important Food Crop

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul L. Guy ◽  
Rebecca Macdonald ◽  
Susan Mackenzie ◽  
David J. Burritt
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stress ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Important Food ◽  
The Impact

In this inquiry activity, students use the genetic diversity of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from their local garden center to investigate this species’ resilience to salt stress and viral infection. Students use a number of simple to sophisticated measures of plant performance to gauge the impact of the stressors on plant growth and development. Students identify which cultivars may be useful in increasing future food security.

scholarly journals Jasmonates—the Master Regulator of Rice Development, Adaptation and Defense

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hieu Trang Nguyen ◽  
Huong Thi Mai To ◽  
Michel Lebrun ◽  
Stephane Bellafiore ◽  
Antony Champion
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Crop Model ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Signaling Modules ◽  
Related Compounds

Rice is one of the most important food crops worldwide, as well as the model plant in molecular studies on the cereals group. Many different biotic and abiotic agents often limit rice production and threaten food security. Understanding the molecular mechanism, by which the rice plant reacts and resists these constraints, is the key to improving rice production to meet the demand of an increasing population. The phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) and related compounds, collectively called jasmonates, are key regulators in plant growth and development. They are also one of the central players in plant immunity against biotic attacks and adaptation to unfavorable environmental conditions. Here, we review the most recent knowledge about jasmonates signaling in the rice crop model. We highlight the functions of jasmonates signaling in many adaptive responses, and also in rice growth and development processes. We also draw special attention to different signaling modules that are controlled by jasmonates in rice.

scholarly journals Control of Cultivable IAA-Producing Bacteria by the PlantArabidopsis thalianaand the EarthwormAporrectodea caliginosa

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Puga-Freitas ◽  
Samir Abbad ◽  
Agnès Gigon ◽  
Evelyne Garnier-Zarli ◽  
Manuel Blouin
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Iaa Production ◽  
Cultivable Bacteria ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plant Control

Some soil microorganisms are involved in the complex interactions with plants and earthworms, through the production of indole acetic acid (IAA) which modifies plant growth and development. In a factorial experiment testing the impact of the presence/absence of plants and earthworms on IAA production by cultivable bacteria, we observed that plants were decreasing IAA production of 43%, whereas earthworms were increasing it of 46%. In the presence of both plant and earthworms, IAA production was as low as in the presence of plant control, showing that plants influence on IAA production by microorganisms prevails on earthworm influence. We discuss functional reasons which could explain this result.

scholarly journals Nutritional and Antinutritional Characteristics of Ten Red Bean Cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Cameroon

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Marlyne-Josephine Mananga ◽  
Kouandjoua Brice Didier ◽  
Kotue Taptue Charles ◽  
Bebbe Fadimatou ◽  
Djuikwo Nkonga Ruth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Red Bean

Beans are nutritionally and economically important food crop in Cameroon. However, data on the nutritional value of the different red bean cultivars remain poorly known to consumers. The objective of this study is to characterize 10 red bean cultivars in order to determine theirs nutrients, minerals and antinutrients contents. Grains of raw and cooked beans were evaluated for proximate, mineral and antinutrients composition. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using the ANOVA and the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The results of chemical analysis of the raw and cooked cultivar bean revealed moisture content ranging from 4.19 to 12.34%, protein from 10.56 to 46%,. lipids from 5.31 to 7.38%, ash from 1.93 to 4.61%, fiber from 2.42 to 7.97% and carbohydrates 38.30 to 68.85%. Different bean cultivars showed statistically significant differences in minerals. The most abundant minerals in the samples were potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) with contents ranging from 565.17 to 912.99 mg/100g dry matter (DM) and 78.5 to 933.85 mg/100g DM respectively. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents ranged from 1.89 to 4.19 mg/100g DM and 2.10 to 5.15 mg/100g DM respectively. Antinutrients contents ranging from 0.14 to 1.00%, 2.86 to 8.82%, 0.07 to 0.18% and 0.26 to 1.22% respectively for tannins, phytates. oxalates and saponins after treatment. After soaking associated with cooking, red beans cultivars were found to contain the least minerals contents and that treatment significantly reduced (p<0.05) all the antinutrients evaluated. Red beans cultivars are potential nutrients rich food material for food formulation.

scholarly journals 253 Influence of the Timing of Propagation and Cold Storage on the Growth and Development of Alstroemeria Pot Plants

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 434E-435
Author(s):  
Eduardo Olate ◽  
Doris Ly ◽  
George Elliott ◽  
Mark Bridgen
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Visual Evaluation ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Weight Number

Two butterfly-type cultivars of Alstroemeria were used to evaluate the effect of different dates of propagation and cold storage techniques on the growth and flowering of potted plants. The cultivars used were `Patricia Lynn' and FL-101. Plants were propagated during four different dates of 1997 (weeks 39, 41, 43, and 47) in large nursery pots (3.8 L) or in small nursery pots (1.4 L). Following division, all plants were grown for 4 weeks. After this period of establishment, plants in the large nursery pots were transferred directly to the final growing greenhouse (16 °C nights) and plants in the small pots were refrigerated at 4 °C for 8, 6, 4, or 0 weeks with either complete light or complete dark conditions. Once the cold treatment was accomplished, all plants were transferred on the same date to large nursery pots for finishing with those plants that had been initially propagated in large pots. All plants were cut back on week 3 of 1998. Plants were evaluated for date of harvest, visual evaluation, fresh aerial weight, number and length of flowering stems, and number of florets per flowering stem. Refrigerated treatments delayed the time of flowering when compared to plants that were grown with no refrigeration. Fresh weight and stem length values of plants that were not refrigerated were less than or equal to those of plants that were refrigerated, with the exception of plants that was propagated on week 47. In addition, the number of flowering stems that were produced from plants that were refrigerated was either greater than or the same as plants that were not refrigerated. The presence or absence of light during refrigeration had no effect on subsequent plant growth and development. There were no differences observed among treatments for visual evaluation and number of florets produced per inflorescence. This research demonstrated that potted Alstroemeria plants can be propagated early and stored under cold conditions without these procedures affecting final plant performance, but the process will affect the scheduling of the crop.

scholarly journals Improving Performance of Salt-Grown Crops by Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 788
Author(s):  
Md. Quamruzzaman ◽  
S. M. Nuruzzaman Manik ◽  
Sergey Shabala ◽  
Meixue Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Impact

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses restricting plant growth and development. Application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is a possible practical means for minimizing salinity-induced yield losses, and can be used in addition to or as an alternative to crop breeding for enhancing salinity tolerance. The PGRs auxin, cytokinin, nitric oxide, brassinosteroid, gibberellin, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonate, and ethylene have been advocated for practical use to improve crop performance and yield under saline conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the effectiveness of various PGRs in ameliorating the detrimental effects of salinity on plant growth and development, and elucidates the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying this process by linking PGRs with their downstream targets and signal transduction pathways. It is shown that, while each of these PGRs possesses an ability to alter plant ionic and redox homeostasis, the complexity of interactions between various PGRs and their involvement in numerous signaling pathways makes it difficult to establish an unequivocal causal link between PGRs and their downstream effectors mediating plants’ adaptation to salinity. The beneficial effects of PGRs are also strongly dependent on genotype, the timing of application, and the concentration used. The action spectrum of PGRs is also strongly dependent on salinity levels. Taken together, this results in a rather narrow “window” in which the beneficial effects of PGR are observed, hence limiting their practical application (especially under field conditions). It is concluded that, in the light of the above complexity, and also in the context of the cost–benefit analysis, crop breeding for salinity tolerance remains a more reliable avenue for minimizing the impact of salinity on plant growth and yield. Further progress in the field requires more studies on the underlying cell-based mechanisms of interaction between PGRs and membrane transporters mediating plant ion homeostasis.

scholarly journals The Cytokinin Status of the Epidermis Regulates Aspects of Vegetative and Reproductive Development in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sören Werner ◽  
Isabel Bartrina ◽  
Ondřej Novák ◽  
Miroslav Strnad ◽  
Tomáš Werner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Cytokinin Activity ◽  
Cytokinin Metabolism ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Cytokinin Synthesis ◽  
The Impact

The epidermal cell layer of plants has important functions in regulating plant growth and development. We have studied the impact of an altered epidermal cytokinin metabolism on Arabidopsis shoot development. Increased epidermal cytokinin synthesis or breakdown was achieved through expression of the cytokinin synthesis gene LOG4 and the cytokinin-degrading CKX1 gene, respectively, under the control of the epidermis-specific AtML1 promoter. During vegetative growth, increased epidermal cytokinin production caused an increased size of the shoot apical meristem and promoted earlier flowering. Leaves became larger and the shoots showed an earlier juvenile-to-adult transition. An increased cytokinin breakdown had the opposite effect on these phenotypic traits indicating that epidermal cytokinin metabolism can be a factor regulating these aspects of shoot development. The phenotypic consequences of abbreviated cytokinin signaling in the epidermis achieved through expression of the ARR1-SRDX repressor were generally milder or even absent indicating that the epidermal cytokinin acts, at least in part, cell non-autonomously. Enhanced epidermal cytokinin synthesis delayed cell differentiation during leaf development leading to an increased cell proliferation and leaf growth. Genetic analysis showed that this cytokinin activity was mediated mainly by the AHK3 receptor and the transcription factor ARR1. We also demonstrate that epidermal cytokinin promotes leaf growth in a largely cell-autonomous fashion. Increased cytokinin synthesis in the outer layer of reproductive tissues and in the placenta enhanced ovule formation by the placenta and caused the formation of larger siliques. This led to a higher number of seeds in larger pods resulting in an increased seed yield per plant. Collectively, the results provide evidence that the cytokinin metabolism in the epidermis is a relevant parameter determining vegetative and reproductive plant growth and development.

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