Egypt’s Quest for Social Justice

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-26
Author(s):  
Rasha S. Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
International Financial Institutions ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Neoliberal Reforms ◽  
Economic Elite ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Welfare State

This paper examines Egypt’s shift from socialism to neo-liberalism in the wake of the economic crisis of the late 1980s and the implications of this shift for its socialist legacy. It argues that the decline of the welfare state in Egypt since 1991 has contributed to the erosion of the social contract forged in the post-independence period, which was marked by state-led development and high social mobility and a prominent role for the middle class. Neoliberal ‘reforms’ dictated by economic crisis and pressures from transnational capital as well international financial institutions led to the alienation of the middle and lower classes and the emergence of a new economic elite, whose dubious links to the ruling class has undermined the regime’s legitimacy and helped fuel the 25 January 2011 uprising.

Merchants and Society in Tokugawa Japan

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-488
Author(s):  
Charles D. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Common People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tokugawa Period ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Military

Merchants in the Tokugawa period were placed at the bottom of the shinōkōshō hierarchy of samurai-peasants-artisans-merchants. This social hierarchy was produced by a combination of social reality at the time Japan was unified in the late sixteenth century and an ancient Chinese physiocratic theory, never taken very seriously, in practical ways, in China. Once the country was unified, the social mobility of the previous years, of a kind which permitted men of ability to climb from the lowest ranks to join the military nobility—Hideyoshi is the prime example of this mobility—was viewed, by Hideyoshi above all others, as a cause of prolonged chaos and internecine warfare. With the argument that war had been abolished and common people therefore no longer needed weapons, Hideyoshi carried out his ‘sword-hunt’. He thus established the most fundamental of the class distinctions, between the samurai, the ruling class, who now enjoyed a monopoly of bearing arms, and the common people, who were henceforth expected simply to produce the food and other necessities of life, and to pay their taxes, which remained high even though warfare was supposedly ended.

18. Globalization, Development, and Security

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana K. Poku ◽  
Jacqueline Therkelsen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
International Financial Institutions ◽  
Neoliberal Ideology ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes ◽  
Harmful Effects

This chapter explores the interrelationships between globalization, development, and security. It shows how globalization, as a neoliberal ideology for development promoted by key international financial institutions, deepens inequality between and within nations on a global scale. This exacerbates global insecurity through a growing sense of injustice and grievance that may lead to rebellion and radicalization. The chapter first considers the neoliberalism of globalization before presenting the case for conceptualizing globalization as a neoliberal ideology for development. It then discusses the legacy of structural adjustment programmes and the harmful effects of neoliberal ideology on societies, particularly across the developing world. Finally, it looks at two case studies to illustrate the link between uneven globalization and global insecurity: the Egypt uprising of 2011 and the Greek economic crisis of 2010.

Community Organization as a Method of Social Work and Its Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 154-169
Author(s):  
Ozan Selçuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Community Or ◽  
The Social ◽  
Community Organizers

The community organization method is applied when the society takes the initiative to solve its problems and wants to meet its needs. In this case, society plays different roles in addressing its various needs and problems. People dealing with the problem in the community or people directly affected by the problem take the lead in solving problems. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a worldwide social and economic crisis. This has made deep-rooted inequalities worse and visible in the communities most marginalized by the crisis. In this context, community organizers can respond to inequalities that become visible by fulfilling their various roles with the method of community organization, which is one of the components of the social work mission and aims to ensure social justice and equality.

Merchants and Society in Tokugawa Japan

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Common People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tokugawa Period ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Military

Merchants in the Tokugawa period were placed at the bottom of the shinōkōshōhierarchy of samurai-peasants-artisans-merchants. This social hierarchy was produced by a combination of social reality at the time Japan was unified in the late sixteenth century and an ancient Chinese physiocratic theory, never taken very seriously, in practical ways, in China. Once the country was unified, the social mobility of the previous years, of a kind which permitted men of ability to climb from the lowest ranks to join the military nobility—Hideyoshi is the prime example of this mobility—was viewed, by Hideyoshi above all others, as a cause of prolonged chaos and internecine warfare. With the argument that war had been abolished and common people therefore no longer needed weapons, Hideyoshi carried out his ‘sword-hunt’. He thus established the most fundamental of the class distinctions, between the samurai, the ruling class, who now enjoyed a monopoly of bearing arms, and the common people, who were henceforth expected simply to produce the food and other necessities of life, and to pay their taxes, which remained high even though warfare was supposedly ended.

scholarly journals Economic crisis impact on international financial institutions: The necessity for reforms

2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-184
Author(s):  
Pero Petrovic ◽  
Zeljko Jovic
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
World Bank ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
World Bank Group ◽  
International Financial Institutions ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Bank Group ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The emergence and deepening of the global economic crisis is reflected in large part on the functioning of international financial institutions and their current structure. The long-term financial crisis has placed demands for decisive reform moves in the functioning and structure of the IMF, the World Bank Group and other global and regional financial institutions. This means that so far, the results of their policies have been inadequate and that their role is subject to critical observation finding an efficient performance of financial markets. The crisis has imposed the need to reform international financial institutions and the new global financial architecture. Changes in structure and their functioning should lead to the global economic stability. Members of the Euro zone are faced with a new attitude towards the international financial institutions and the International Monetary Fund, in particular. The proclaimed missions of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are clearly separated in theory, but with the passing of time, their activities have become increasingly intertwined, so that they often include a name - international financial institutions.

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF CENTRAL BANKS

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Victoria Dudchenko
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Financial Institutions ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Bank Institution

Introduction. Throughout the centuries there took place a process of central banks’ development that reflected on the area of target defining, establishing the relationship with government, interconnection with financial market participants, inner management processes. This institute’s evolution from the first bank of issue creation till the modern central bank, including the supranational central bank in the European Union, is characterized by complicated tools of the change of policy, practice, institutional structure, aims and status. Nowadays the next stage of central banks’ development occurs and is characterized by expanding the mandate, reforming the policy, developing innovative aims. This stage is outlined with the global financial and economic crisis and the post-crisis period of the world financial system’s recovery. Under these circumstances, the central banks’ role tends to increase in terms of overcoming the consequences on the global financial and economic crisis that prompts actualizing the issues of integration of unconventional measures in the monetary policy tool, coordination of work of central bank and government concerning debt management, cooperation between the central bank and international financial institutions within the framework of debt management, cooperation between the central banks and international financial institutions within the framework of banking management. Purpose. Generalization of stages and systematization of the causes of emergence, formation and development of a central bank institution through the study of their creation’s evolution and functions’ transformation. Method (methodology). In order to investigate the historical processes, logical sequence of central banks’ development both historical and logical methods of scientific researches were applied. Results. The reasons of central banks’ emergence were generalized, the evolution of central banks’ creation was studied, stages of emergence and development of central banks were further developed and systematized. The peculiarities of the modern stage of central banks’ functioning, role’s change and transformation of functions under the influence of global financial and economic crises.

18. Globalization, Development, and Security

2018 ◽  
pp. 268-282
Author(s):  
Nana K. Poku ◽  
Jacqueline Therkelsen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
International Financial Institutions ◽  
Neoliberal Ideology ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes ◽  
Harmful Effects

This chapter explores the interrelationships between globalization, development, and security. It shows how globalization, as a neoliberal ideology for development promoted by key international financial institutions, deepens inequality between and within nations on a global scale. This exacerbates global insecurity through a growing sense of injustice and grievance that may lead to rebellion and radicalization. The chapter first considers the neoliberalism of globalization before presenting the case for conceptualizing globalization as a neoliberal ideology for development. It then discusses the legacy of structural adjustment programmes and the harmful effects of neoliberal ideology on societies, particularly across the developing world. Finally, it looks at two case studies to illustrate the link between uneven globalization and global insecurity: the Egypt uprising of 2011 and the Greek economic crisis of 2010.

scholarly journals IFI Conditionality on Governance

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (4II) ◽  
pp. 565-571
Author(s):  
Aziz Ali Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
International Financial Institutions ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
State Action ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
Extensive Range ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Social Entities

This note looks at the dilemmas faced in the application of conditions on governance by the international financial institutions (IFI) in the course of their lending operations in member states. Governance relates to the activities of governments and other public sector entities in the exercise of their financial and regulatory functions and that bear directly on the proper use of funds provided by the IFI. Given the extensive range of state action, conditions relating to governance can apply to diverse areas, including the allocation of public expenditures and the collection of taxes, the rules affecting procurement of goods and services by public authorities, the effectiveness of the judicial system in enforcing contracts and the arbitration of claims and obligations between governments and all the social entities they deal with.

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