A New China, a New Community

Diplomatic Relations ◽

Cultural Traditions ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Mexican Community ◽

Political Associations ◽

New Community

This chapter illustrates the profound changes that affected the Chinese Mexican community after Mexico established diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China. Chinese Mexican political associations abruptly closed, while second- and subsequent generation Chinese Mexicans founded their own cultural associations. At the same time, new Chinese immigrants arrived from the mainland, speaking a different language and holding different cultural traditions. The different waves of Chinese Mexicans present a challenge to community unity. Finally, some Chinese Mexicans have slowly come to embrace the People’s Republic of China, making claims to belonging in mainland China while at the same time proudly declaring that their roots are now in Mexico.

The Normalization of Sino-French Diplomatic Relations in 1964 and the Formation of the “One-China” Principle: Negotiations over Breaking French Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of China Government and the Recognition of the People’s Republic of China as the Sole Legitimate Government

World Political Science ◽

10.1515/wpsr-2012-0013 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 252-271

Author(s):

Madoka Fukuda

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Diplomatic Relations ◽

African Countries ◽

Republic Of China ◽

The Republic Of China ◽

The Republic ◽

The Government ◽

The One

AbstractThis article examines the substance and modification of the “One-China” principle, which the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) pursued in the mid 1960s. Under this principle, a country wishing to establish diplomatic relations with the PRC was required first to break off such relations with the Republic of China (ROC). In 1964 the PRC established diplomatic relations with France. This was its first ambassadorial exchange with a Western government. The PRC, in the negotiations over the establishment of diplomatic relations, attempted to achieve some consensus with France on the matter of “One-China”. The PRC, nevertheless, had to abandon these attempts, even though it demanded fewer conditions of France than of the United States (USA), Japan and other Western countries in the 1970s. The PRC had demanded adherence to the “One-China” principle since 1949. France, however, refused to accept this condition. Nevertheless, the PRC established diplomatic relations with France before the latter broke off relations with the ROC. Subsequently, the PRC abandoned the same condition in negotiations with the African governments of the Republic of Congo, Central Africa, Dahomey and Mauritania. After the negotiations with France, the PRC began to insist that the joint communiqué on the establishment of diplomatic relations should clearly state that “the Government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legal government of China”. However, France refused to insert these words into the communiqué. Afterwards, the PRC nevertheless insisted on putting such a statement into the joint communiqués or exchanges of notes on the establishment of diplomatic relations with the African countries mentioned above. This was done in order to set precedents for making countries accede to the “One-China” principle. The “One-China” principle was, thus, gradually formed in the process of the negotiation and bargaining between the PRC and other governments.

The Portuguese Republic and the People’s Republic of China: Impact and Trends of Economic Diplomacy

China and the World ◽

10.1142/s2591729320500030 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 03 (02) ◽

pp. 2050003

Author(s):

Francisco B. S. José Leandro ◽

Danilo Lemos Henriques

Keyword(s):

Political Agenda ◽

Diplomatic Relations ◽

Economic Relations ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Economic Diplomacy ◽

The Status ◽

The Republic ◽

The Relationship

This paper will examine the interplay and relationship between bilateral diplomatic relations and economic relations through the lens of political factors, examining the concrete case of the Republic of Portugal and the People’s Republic of China. It will consider their common past — the nations’ historical similarities, their common aims and ideological differences, and analyze the alignment and the synergy developed in the modern era in developing common platforms of aims and will, in terms of political agenda-setting, such as through the issue of the status of the territory of Macao and the relationship with Portuguese-speaking countries (PSCs). It further analyzes the past few decades through the signing of diplomatic protocols, engaged bilateral and multilateral economic diplomacies, and growing commerce and trade links to identify the key trends and extrapolate relevant correlations. We examine the progresses in the relationship between the advancement of Sino-Portuguese diplomatic relations and the development of economic interplay post the 1979 period, following the formal establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations. We argue in favor of an existing positive correlation between acts of economic diplomacy and the development of bilateral economic relations. This paper presents a methodological, theoretical-inductive, and constructivist perspective, combining qualitative, quantitative, and non-participated observation.

The European Community’s Policy towards the People’s Republic of China: Establishing Diplomatic Relations (December 1973-May 1975)

The External Relations of the European Union ◽

10.3726/978-3-0352-6497-5/22 ◽

2016 ◽

Keyword(s):

Diplomatic Relations ◽

Republic Of China

Spatial-temporal distribution of human brucellosis in mainland China from 2004 to 2017 and an analysis of social and environmental factors

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12199-019-0839-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Cheng Peng ◽

Yan-Jun Li ◽

De-Sheng Huang ◽

Peng Guan

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

Mainland China ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Multivariate Linear Regression ◽

Health Science ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Human Brucellosis ◽

Republic Of China

Abstract Background This study aimed to describe the changing distribution of human brucellosis between 2004 and 2017 in mainland China and seek scientific evidence of the relationship between socio-economic, environmental, and ecological factors and human brucellosis incidence. Methods The annual numbers of brucellosis cases and incidence rates from 31 provinces in mainland China between 2004 and 2017 were obtained from the Data-Center for China Public Health Science. The number of monthly brucellosis cases in 2018 was obtained from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The electronic map of the People’s Republic of China was downloaded from the National Earth System Science Data Sharing Platform. Human population density, gross domestic product (GDP), and an inventory of cattle and sheep at the end of each year from 2004 to 2017 were obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Annual rainfall data from 31 provinces in the People’s Republic of China from 2004 to 2017 were collected from the China Meteorological Data Service Center. The risk distribution and changing trends of human brucellosis were mapped with ArcGIS. A cluster analysis was employed to identify geographical areas and periods with statistically significant incidence rates. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine possible factors that were significantly correlated with the presence of human brucellosis cases. Results Human brucellosis cases have spread throughout the whole country. Human brucellosis cases occurred mostly from March to August and were concentrated from April to July. The inventory of sheep, GDP, and climate were significantly correlated with the presence of brucellosis cases in mainland China. Conclusions The geographical expansion of human brucellosis in mainland China was observed, so did the high-incidence clusters between 2004 and 2017. Most of the cases were reported during the early spring to early summer (February–August). Results from the multivariate linear regression suggested that the inventory of sheep, GDP, and climate were significantly associated with the incidence of human brucellosis in mainland China.

Mathematics Education: The People's Republic of China

Mathematics Teacher ◽

10.5951/mt.66.2.0113 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 113-120

Author(s):

Frank Swetz

Keyword(s):

Language Proficiency ◽

Chinese Language ◽

Mainland China ◽

Technological Advancement ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Language And Mathematics ◽

And Mathematics ◽

Educational Campaigns

The People's Republic of China has attempted to use education as the main avenue for ideological, sociological, and technological advancement. In the educational campaigns that have taken place on mainland China since 1949, two disciplines have always received primary attention: the Chinese language and mathematics. Improved language proficiency was necessary for the processes of indoctrination, while mathematics provided a base for the scientific studies so vital to an industrial competency.

An electrophoretic comparison of Schistosoma japonicum (Trematoda) from different provinces in the People's Republic of China suggests the existence of cryptic species

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182099004837 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 119 (4) ◽

pp. 375-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

N. B. CHILTON ◽

Q. BAO-ZHEN ◽

H. O. BØGH ◽

P. NANSEN

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Schistosoma Japonicum ◽

Species Complex ◽

Mainland China ◽

Single Species ◽

Electrophoretic Study ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Animal Hosts

Schistosoma japonicum from the People's Republic of China is considered to represent a single species comprising either 1 or 4 ‘strains’. We conducted an allozyme electrophoretic study to examine the extent of genetic variation in S. japonicum from mainland China. The allelic profiles of S. japonicum from 7 provinces were established at 16 enzyme loci. S. japonicum from Sichuan had 3–5 (19–31%) fixed differences compared with those from Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei and Yunnan, suggesting that S. japonicum in mainland China represents a species complex. In addition, genetic markers were also established for different laboratory-maintained populations of S. japonicum which has significant implications for studying the biology of these organisms in human and animal hosts, and for the control and surveillance of human schistosomiasis in China.

Directive Approach to Telephone Counseling in the People’s Republic of China

The Counseling Psychologist ◽

10.1177/0011000001293007 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 435-453 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Yihong Gao

Keyword(s):

Cultural Change ◽

Telephone Counseling ◽

Cultural Relativism ◽

Cultural Traditions ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Interactive Relationship ◽

Directive Style ◽

Cross Cultural Counseling

In the People’s Republic of China, telephone psychological counseling is a new phenomenon that appeared in the late 1980s, following a social transition toward a market economy. Such counseling by paraprofessionals often adopts a directive style in that the counselor gives direct advice pertaining to what the client should do on a particular issue. After a brief description of its features, this article examines factors of cultural traditions and transitions underlying the directive counseling and the interactive relationship between counseling and culture. Analysis is made regarding traditional and transitional values, social networks, and personality types. It is further argued that research and training in cross-cultural counseling should go beyond static cultural relativism and adopt an emic view of cultural change.

Rearranging International Relations? How Mao's China and de Gaulle's France Recognized Each Other in 1963–1964

Journal of Cold War Studies ◽

10.1162/jcws_a_00433 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 111-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lorenz M. Lüthi

Keyword(s):

International Relations ◽

Negotiation Process ◽

Soviet Bloc ◽

Diplomatic Relations ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Ministry Official ◽

Foreign Ministry

The decision by France and the People's Republic of China (PRC) to establish diplomatic relations in late January 1964 has undergone relatively little scrutiny among scholars. Garret Martin's path-breaking article in the Winter 2008 issue of the JCWS is the most important account to date of this episode, but it focuses on the French side of the story. The account here provides a much fuller picture by drawing on declassified records of the PRC Foreign Ministry, official collections of formerly secret CCP documents, and materials from archives in former Soviet-bloc countries. These sources help illuminate two important but hitherto unknown or poorly understood aspects of Sino-French recognition in the period from August 1963 to January 1964: the French and Chinese thinking behind the decision to recognize each other, and the negotiation process itself.

General de Gaulle's Recognition of Peking

The China Quarterly ◽

10.1017/s0305741000041965 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 195-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stephen Erasmus

Keyword(s):

Diplomatic Relations ◽

Republic Of China ◽

The Government ◽

Mutual Agreement

On January 27 a communiqué was issued in Paris and Peking which read, somewhat baldly:The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the French Republic have decided in mutual agreement to establish diplomatic relations.For this purpose, the two Governments have agreed to appoint their ambassadors within three months.

Classical Harmony in the Music-Theoretical Education in the People’s Republic of China

Musical Art and Education ◽

10.31862/2309-1428-2019-7-4-44-64 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 44-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Boris Iofis ◽

Qiu Xiaona

Keyword(s):

Music Education ◽

Personal Responsibility ◽

Chinese Students ◽

Modern World ◽

Cultural Traditions ◽

Republic Of China ◽

The Individual ◽

High Level

Thearticle is devoted to the problem of mastering by students from the People’s Republic of China the classical harmony as the basic section of the most important musicaltheoretical discipline. It identifies the causes of difficulties appearing in this process. They are related to the peculiarities of the interpretation of the category “harmony” in Chinese musicology. Due to the civilizational features reflected in the language and cultural traditions of China, the aesthetic meaning of this concept is considered in isolation from the technological and educationalacademic, which are of priority importance. In the civilizational aspect, classical harmony is a product of the European worldview and is inseparable from the professional composer creativity of the European tradition (“opus music”). The cultural and typological features of the latter are far from the traditional musical culture of China, and in many ways even opposed to it. The priority of the individual principle, the high level of creative freedom combined with personal responsibility for the result, and the connection with the institution of the Christian church are little understood by Chinese students. Difficulties in the development by students of the PRC of classical harmony are caused not only by the specifics of the tonal type mode, European forms of multi voiced texture and chord thinking, but also by the inextricably linked threedimensionality of the artistic space and the special function of the melody in the artistic whole. In the intonational aspect, classical harmony for students of the PRC is an element of the content of music education, not directly related to the past, present, or future of the native national culture. The study of classical harmony is necessary for Chinese students to understand the Western musical tradition as a manifestation of a different ethnotype of intonation in the context of selfrealization of the peoples inhabiting a great country in the modern world cultural space of the era of globalization.