RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS EMPLOYING IMMUNOSORBENTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S207-S221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif Wide
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Cyanogen Bromide ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
System A ◽  
Technical Procedure ◽  
Particle Form ◽  
Insoluble Polymers

ABSTRACT The use of a reaction between compounds in a two phase system – a solid phase and a liquid phase – has simplified the technical procedure of the radioimmunoassays. Antigens or antibodies can be coupled covalently to insoluble polymers to form stable conjugates with retention of immunological binding capacity. Such immunosorbents can be used in radioimmunoassays in many different ways and with the solid phase in different forms. Some of these techniques seem to be universally applicable for the assay of antigens or antibodies. In one of these, antigens or antibodies are chemically coupled to cyanogen bromide activated insoluble polysaccharides in a particle form. This method which has several advantages when compared with most other radioimmunological methods is discussed in particular. Finally, a detailed description of the preparation of an immunosorbent and its use in such a radioimmunoassay system is given.

Separation/Preconcentration Techniques for Rare Earth Elements Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Hu ◽  
Man He ◽  
Beibei Chen ◽  
Zucheng Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Specific Element ◽  
System A ◽  
Subsequent Determination ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Preconcentration Techniques

AbstractThe main aim of this chapter exactly characterizes the contribution. The analytical chemistry of the rare earth elements (REEs) very often is highly complicated and the determination of a specific element is impossible without a sample pre-concentration. Sample preparation can be carried out either by separation of the REEs from the matrix or by concentrating the REEs. The separation of REEs from each other is mainly made by chromatography.At the beginning of REE analysis, the method of precipitation/coprecipitation was applied for the treatment of REE mixtures. The method is not applicable for the separation of trace amounts of REEs. The majority of the methods used are based on the distribution of REEs in a two-phase system, a liquid–liquid or a liquid–solid system. Various techniques have been developed for the liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), in particular the liquid phase micro-extraction. The extraction is always combined with a pre-concentration of the REEs in a single drop of extractant or in a hollow fiber filled with the extractant. Further modified techniques for special applications and for difficult REE separation have been developed. Compared to the LLE, the solid phase micro-extraction is preferred. The method is robust and easy to handle, in which the solid phase loaded with the REEs can be used directly for subsequent determination methods. At present, very new solid materials, like nanotubes, are developed and tested for solid phase extraction.

SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGEN IN ACOUSTOPLASMA DISCHARGE IN A LIQUID-PHASE STREAM

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Bulychev
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Plasma Discharge ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
External Power Source ◽  
Phase Medium

In this paper, the plasma discharge in a high-pressure fluid stream in order to produce gaseous hydrogen was studied. Methods and equipment have been developed for the excitation of a plasma discharge in a stream of liquid medium. The fluid flow under excessive pressure is directed to a hydrodynamic emitter located at the reactor inlet where a supersonic two-phase vapor-liquid flow under reduced pressure is formed in the liquid due to the pressure drop and decrease in the flow enthalpy. Electrodes are located in the reactor where an electric field is created using an external power source (the strength of the field exceeds the breakdown threshold of this two-phase medium) leading to theinitiation of a low-temperature glow quasi-stationary plasma discharge.A theoretical estimation of the parameters of this type of discharge has been carried out. It is shown that the lowtemperature plasma initiated under the flow conditions of a liquid-phase medium in the discharge gap between the electrodes can effectively decompose the hydrogen-containing molecules of organic compounds in a liquid with the formation of gaseous products where the content of hydrogen is more than 90%. In the process simulation, theoretical calculations of the voltage and discharge current were also made which are in good agreement with the experimental data. The reaction unit used in the experiments was of a volume of 50 ml and reaction capacity appeared to be about 1.5 liters of hydrogen per minute when using a mixture of oxygen-containing organic compounds as a raw material. During their decomposition in plasma, solid-phase products are also formed in insignificant amounts: carbon nanoparticles and oxide nanoparticles of discharge electrode materials.

Influence of biomass on hydrodynamics of an internal loop airlift reactor

2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Juraščík ◽  
M. Hucík ◽  
I. Sikula ◽  
J. Annus ◽  
J. Markoš
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Gluconic Acid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Airlift Reactor ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Internal Loop ◽  
Three Phase

AbstractThe effect of the biomass presence on the overall circulation velocity, the linear velocities both in the riser and the downcomer and the overall gas hold-up was studied in a three-phase internal loop airlift reactor (ILALR). The measured data were compared with those obtained using a two-phase system (air—water). All experiments were carried out in a 40 dm3 ILALR at six different biomass concentrations (ranging from 0 g dm−3 to 7.5 g dm−3), at a temperature of 30°C, under atmospheric pressure. Air and water were used as the gas and liquid model media, respectively. Pellets of Aspergillus niger produced during the fermentation of glucose to gluconic acid in the ILALR were considered solid phase. In addition, liquid velocities were measured during the fermentation of glucose to gluconic acid using Aspergillus niger. All measurements were performed in a bubble circulation regime. At given experimental conditions the effect of the biomass on the circulation velocities in the ILALR was negligible. However, increasing of the biomass concentration led to lower values of the total gas hold-up.

Multiphase Reactions and Reactors

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. K. Doraiswamy
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Complete Classification ◽  
Catalytic Reactions ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Multiphase Reactions ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Solid Form

The first three chapters of this part dealt with two-phase reactions. Although catalysts are not generally present in these systems, they can be used in dissolved form in the liquid phase. This, however, does not increase the number of phases. On the other hand, there are innumerable instances of gas-liquid reactions in which the catalyst is present in solid form. A popular example of this is the slurry reactor so extensively employed in reactions such as hydrogenation and oxidation. There are also situations where the solid is a reactant or where a phasetransfer catalyst is immobilized on a solid support that gives rise to a third phase. A broad classification of three-phase reactions and reactors is presented in Table 17.1 (not all of which are considered here). This is not a complete classification, but it includes most of the important (and potentially important) types of reactions and reactors. The thrust of this chapter is on reactions and reactors involving a gas phase, a liquid phase, and a solid phase which can be either a catalyst (but not a phasetransfer catalyst) or a reactant, with greater emphasis on the former. The book by Ramachandran and Chaudhari (1983) on three-phase catalytic reactions is particularly valuable. Other books and reviews include those of Shah (1979), Chaudhari and Ramachandran (1980), Villermaux (1981), Shah et al. (1982), Hofmann (1983), Crine and L’Homme (1983), Doraiswamy and Sharma (1984), Tarmy et al. (1984), Shah and Deckwer (1985), Chaudhari and Shah (1986), Kohler (1986), Chaudhari et al. (1986), Hanika and Stanek (1986), Joshi et al. (1988), Concordia (1990), Mills et al. (1992), Beenackers and Van Swaaij (1993), and Mills and Chaudhari (1997). Doraiswamy and Sharma (1984) also present a discussion of gas-liquid-solid noncatalytic reactions in which the solid is a reactant. In Chapter 7 we saw how Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) models are normally used to describe the kinetics of gas-solid (catalytic) or liquid-solid (catalytic) reactions, and in Chapters 14 to 16 we saw how mass transfer between gas and liquid phases can significantly alter the rates and regimes of these two-phase reactions.

scholarly journals Application of Hollow Fibre-Liquid Phase Microextraction Technique for Isolation and Pre-Concentration of Pharmaceuticals in Water

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela ◽  
Vusumzi Emmanuel Pakade ◽  
Somandla Ncube ◽  
Hlanganani Tutu ◽  
Luke Chimuka
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Hollow Fibre ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Liquid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Set Up

In this article, a comprehensive review of applications of the hollow fibre-liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) for the isolation and pre-concentration of pharmaceuticals in water samples is presented. HF-LPME is simple, affordable, selective, and sensitive with high enrichment factors of up to 27,000-fold reported for pharmaceutical analysis. Both configurations (two- and three-phase extraction systems) of HF-LPME have been applied in the extraction of pharmaceuticals from water, with the three-phase system being more prominent. When compared to most common sample preparation techniques such as solid phase extraction, HF-LPME is a greener analytical chemistry process due to reduced solvent consumption, miniaturization, and the ability to automate. However, the automation comes at an added cost related to instrumental set-up, but a reduced cost is associated with lower reagent consumption as well as shortened overall workload and time. Currently, many researchers are investigating ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents as environmentally friendly chemicals that could lead to full classification of HF-LPME as a green analytical procedure.

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