Analysis of the effect of synchronization of a group of nonexplosive sources on the results of field work

The article deals with the issues of synchronization of a group of sources for exploration of minerals. A group of 3 impulse sources with different delay times (500,1000,2000 μs) for a two-phase medium is modeled, the upper layer is a water layer 20 meters deep, the lower layer is a layer of sedimentary rocks 350 meters deep. Impulse action is one period of harmonic oscillation with a period of 0.1 s. Time diagrams were recorded at depths of 50 and 100 meters. It is shown that the use of a delay of 2000 μs leads to a halving of the signal amplitude at a depth of 100 meters. The data obtained show that improving the synchronization of a group of sources for the needs of seismic exploration will allow focusing and creating the maximum signal amplitude at a given point.

Experimental study of radiative transfer in semi-transparent composite materials at different temperatures

This study deals with the analysis of the propagation of radiation within a diffusing semi-transparent composite medium with rough boundaries. The two-phase medium (resin matrix and glass fibers reinforcement) is treated as an equivalent homogeneous medium characterized by volumetric radiative properties (extinction coefficient, albedo and phase function) and boundary scattering properties. The aim is to identify the radiative properties at different temperatures ranging from room temperature to 200°C. The identification method (Gauss-Newton) uses bidirectional reflectance and transmittance values. The experimental results are obtained using a spectrophotometer equipped with a goniometer and a heated sample holder. The Monte Carlo method is used to solve the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) in order to obtain the theoretical values.

Investigation of water-air flows in nozzles

The undoubted importance of these problems allows us to conclude that the research aimed at creating and using a simple model of the flow of a two-phase medium is relevant and of interest not only from a scientific, but also from a practical point of view. Two approaches to their description can be distinguished: the study of flows of two-phase media taking into account relaxation processes between phases with a microscopic description of the interaction between phases, or the study of flows of two-phase media with a macroscopic description of the medium in the form of a one-speed one-temperature continuum. However, sometimes, when calculating, it is possible to ignore the structural two-phase medium and consider the medium as a one-speed one-temperature continuum. This proposal allows us to calculate the averaged flow parameters of a two-phase medium, which is required for engineering calculations. In this paper, the calculation of the flow of the gas-drop flow in the Laval nozzle is given. The method is described, which is based on integral energy equations for two-phase dispersed currents. In the calculations, the two-phase flow is considered as a single-speed, single-temperature continuum. When modeling in the ANSYS Fluent software package, a package of Euler equations is used to compare with analytical results obtained from integral energy equations.

Corrosion in underground infrastructures

There is a significant loss due to corrosion of buried infrastructure. Many pipes have failed due to mistreatment happening within them all around the world. Different soil aeration leads to macro corrosion cells that cause critical levels within the path corrosion leading to a loss of structural integrity of the buried pipes underground. This review paper seeks to address and presents a predetermined model developed by using software COMSOL Multiphysics to identify and characterize the areas experiencing a high rate of corrosion beneath the surface due to differential aeration. The pipe surfaces experience electrochemical reactions and reactant transport mechanisms in the soil and the pipes. Porosity and degree of saturation make the closed-form equations used to create the mass transport properties and electrical properties that constitute three-phase medium using standard soil parameters. The current model enables the study of soil property variations and conditions from the external environment pipeline corrosion. The model results conclude and agree well with the literature and case studies done at pipeline failure sites. The model used in this review will then enable water utilities to develop forecasting tools that may be useful for assessment.

Development, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Evaluation of Carvacrol-loaded Nanoemulsion

Carvacrol (CV) is an essential oil with numerous therapeutic properties, including immunomodulatory activity. However, this effect has not been studied in nanoemulsion systems. The objective of this study was to develop an innovative carvacrol-loaded nanoemulsion (CVNE) for immunomodulatory action. The developed CVNE comprised of 5% w/w oily phase (medium chain triglycerides + CV), 2% w/w surfactants (Tween 80®/Span 80®), and 93% w/w water, and was produced by ultrasonication. Dynamic light scattering over 90 days was used to characterize CVNE. Cytotoxic activity and quantification of cytokines were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture supernatants. CVNE achieved a drug loading of 4.29 mg/mL, droplet size of 165.70 ± 0.46 nm, polydispersity index of 0.14 ± 0.03, zeta potential of −10.25 ± 0.52 mV, and good stability for 90 days. CVNE showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 200 µM in PBMCs. CV diminished the production of IL-2 in the PBMC supernatant. However, CVNE reduced the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-17, and IFN-γ at 50 µM. In conclusion, a stable CVNE was produced, which improved the CV immunomodulatory activity in PBMCs.