RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF [8-ARGININE]-VASOPRESSIN

1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Merkelbach ◽  
P. Czernichow ◽  
R. C. Gaillard ◽  
M. B. Vallotton
Keyword(s):  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Bartter Syndrome ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Urinary Concentration ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT A radioimmunoassay for [8-arginine]-vasopressin (AVP), previously described (Czernichow et al. 1975) has been used for the determination of antidiuretic hormone in a 4 ml urine sample. AVP is extracted from acidified urine with a cation exchanger (Amberlite CG 50) with an overall recovery of 72 %. The blank value measured in extracted samples of urine was 0.29 pg/ml ± 0.21 (sem) and calculated by extrapolation of the regression line of the recovery experiment was 0.49 pg/ml. The coefficient of variation within-assay was 13 % and between-assay 18%. Addition of the amounts of AVP found in each specimen of urine voided gave results nearly identical to those of the amounts found in 24 h pool of urine, indicating that the assay was not affected by changes in concentration of the other urinary components during the day. The daily urinary excretion of AVP measured in 34 subjects was found to be 34 ng in 17 women and 70 ng in 17 men, a significant difference. Urinary concentration and excretion rate of AVP rose during thirst test and during Carter-Robbins test performed in 13 healthy subjects. In the latter test it was observed that the women displayed a strikingly more pronounced AVP elevation after the osmolar stimulus than the men. In both sexes a significant correlation was found between AVP excretion rate and plasma osmolality as well as free water clearance. Three cases of complete or incomplete diabetes insipidus and potomania could be clearly differentiated according to the total output of AVP during the thirst test. Extremely high values of AVP were found in the urine of 5 subjects with Schwartz-Bartter syndrome associated with bronchogenic tumours.

Hyponatraemia in quadriplegic patients

1988 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Leehey ◽  
Alicia A. Picache ◽  
Gary L. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Daily Urine ◽  
Plasma Arginine

1. Studies were performed in five hyponatraemic (plasma sodium 129 ±1.6 mmol/l; plasma osmolality 268 ±3.0 mosmol/kg) quadriplegic patients in order to elucidate its aetiology. Five age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. 2. Daily urine volumes were high (4454 ± 624 ml) in the quadriplegic patients secondary to habitually increased fluid intake. 3. All quadriplegic patients had suppressed plasma arginine vasopressin levels (< 0.8 pmol/l) and were able to form dilute urine after a water load (20 ml/kg). However, free water clearance and the ability to excrete the water load were frequently impaired, and these defects were associated with reductions in both osmolar clearance and delivery of filtrate to the distal diluting sites of the nephron. 4. During hypertonic saline (5%, w/v, NaCl) infusion, plasma arginine vasopressin rose progressively before plasma osmolality reached the normal range, consistent with a resetting of the osmostat. 5. We conclude that hyponatraemia in quadriplegic patients is related to an intrarenal defect in water excretion and resetting of the osmostat coupled with increased fluid intake.

The effect of indomethacin on the renal response to arginine vasopressin in man

1986 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Dixey ◽  
T. D. M. Williams ◽  
S. L. Lightman ◽  
A. F. Lant ◽  
D. A. Brewerton
Keyword(s):  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Renal Response ◽  
Physiological Range ◽  
Antidiuretic Effect ◽  
Sodium Clearance

1. The renal response to graded intravenous infusions of arginine vasopressin (AVP) was investigated in a two part study in six volunteers. First, under maximal water diuresis, seven control incremental infusions of AVP were given from zero to 12 fmol min−1 kg−1. Second, the AVP infusions were repeated after pretreatment with indomethacin, 150 mg daily for 36 h. 2. After the AVP infusions, plasma AVP concentrations did not change significantly and remained within the physiological range; in contrast, urinary AVP excretion rate increased steadily. Indomethacin did not alter the plasma or urinary concentrations of AVP. 3. AVP caused a fall in urine flow rate from a state of maximal diuresis to one of maximal anti-diuresis. After indomethacin, fractional free water clearance was reduced by an average of 26% at the zero, 2 and 4 fmol min−1 kg−1 infusion rates of AVP. 4. A significant increase in fractional sodium clearance of approximately 50% occurred during the AVP infusions, which was abolished after pretreatment with indomethacin. 5. After indomethacin, urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) excretion rate was reduced by an average of 40%) at the zero and 2 fmol min−1 kg−1 infusion rates of AVP. At higher AVP infusion rates, no significant inhibition of PGE2 was observed. 6. Urinary kallikrein excretion rate decreased steadily to one-third of its original value after AVP and this change remained unaltered by indomethacin. 7. The findings show that infusions of AVP, resulting in plasma concentrations in the physiological range, evoke a maximal antidiuretic response, which is accompanied by natriuresis. Significant inhibition of urinary prostaglandin excretion by indomethacin is accompanied by both enhancement of the antidiuretic effect of an abolition of the natriuretic response to AVP.

Regulation and function of arginine vasopressin in pregnant sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (5) ◽  
pp. F777-F780 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Bell ◽  
B. M. Laurence ◽  
P. J. Meehan ◽  
M. Congiu ◽  
B. A. Scoggins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Infusion Rate ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Urinary Flow ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Function ◽  
Water Clearance

The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation and function of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in pregnant sheep. The mean plasma osmolality of nonpregnant ewes (298 +/- 1.0 mosmol/kg, n = 8) was not significantly different from that of late pregnant ewes (295 +/- 1.1 mosmol/kg, n = 21). The mean resting plasma [AVP] of nonpregnant ewes (4.1 +/- 0.6 pg/ml,n = 8) was not significantly different from that of pregnant ewes (3.3 +/- 0.3 pg/ml,n = 21). In a series of dehydration experiments it was established that the slope of the function relating log [AVP] to plasma osmolality for pregnant ewes (n = 13) was not significantly different from the slope of the function relating log [AVP] to plasma osmolality for nonpregnant ewes (n = 4). When AVP was infused into water-loaded ewes, a significant decrease in urinary flow rate and free water clearance occurred at an infusion rate of 0.003 microgram/h in both the pregnant (n = 4) and nonpregnant (n = 4) animals. Both groups achieved negative free water clearance at an infusion rate of 0.01 microgram/h. These findings suggest that pregnancy does not alter the relationship between plasma osmolality and plasma [AVP] or the renal responsiveness to AVP in sheep.

Arginine infusion blocks the action of parathyroid hormone but not arginine vasopressin on the renal tubule in man

1986 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. St.J. O'Reilly ◽  
W. D. Fraser ◽  
M. D. Penney ◽  
F. C. Logue ◽  
R. A. Cowan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Renal Tubule ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Arginine Infusion

ABSTRACT Six male volunteers were infused with arginine (0·5 g/kg body weight) over 30 min, after an overnight fast and water deprivation. There was a significant decrease in renal phosphate clearance (P<0·025) and urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) output (P<0·025) during the 60- to 90-min period after the beginning of the infusion; both returned to the preinfusion basal levels within 150 min. The plasma levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) were not affected by the infusion and remained unchanged during the subsequent 150 min. Plasma levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP) were also not significantly affected although plasma osmolality increased by 6–9 mmol/kg in all subjects. The infusion resulted in a diuresis, and a fall in urine osmolality but a decrease in free-water clearance; creatinine clearance was not affected. Six other subjects were given a bolus of 230 i.u. PTH intravenously, and 20 days later this was repeated during an infusion of arginine (0·5 g/kg body weight). There was a significant decrease in urinary phosphate (P< 0·025) and cAMP excretion (P<0·05) when PTH was given with arginine. It is suggested that arginine blocks the action of PTH on the proximal renal tubule but not that of vasopressin on the distal nephron and collecting ducts. J. Endocr. (1986) 111, 501–506

Central diabetes insipidus in children.

1987 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Fjellestad-Paulsen ◽  
Nadia Tubiana-Rufi ◽  
Alan Harris ◽  
Paul Czernichow
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract. The antidiuretic effect and pharmacokinetics of 10 to 20 μg of intranasal (IN) and 200 to 400 μg of oral (po) 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) were studied in 10 paediatric diabetes insipidus patients. A significant increase in urine osmolality was obtained with all doses, maximum within 2 h and still present at 8 h. At 12 h after administration, the ratio urine osmolality/plasma osmolality was above 1 only after 20 μg intranasally and 400 μg perorally. The free water clearance decreased rapidly with all doses and was similar in magnitude and duration for both the intranasal and peroral routes of administration and remained negative for more than 8 h. The maximum plasma concentrations of DDAVP, measured with a specific and sensitive RIA method, was dose-dependent and there was not significant difference in time until maximum concentration was obtained or in plasma half-life between the two routes of administration. The ratio established, 1:20, by calculating the area under the curve showed a bio-equivalence between 10 μg IN and 200 μg po and between 20 μg IN and 400 μg po of DDAVP. This work further emphasized the effectiveness of the oral route and the rapidity of absorption. By continuous monitoring of DDAVP plasma values we have demonstrated that peak values were reached within one hour after administration. This study demonstrates that the doses needed to treat diabetes insipidus patients by the oral route will be approximately 20 times greater than by the nasal route.

Osmoregulation of thirst and vasopressin during normal menstrual cycle

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (4) ◽  
pp. R641-R647 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Vokes ◽  
N. M. Weiss ◽  
J. Schreiber ◽  
M. B. Gaskill ◽  
G. L. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Vasopressin Release ◽  
Plasma Vasopressin ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Basal Plasma

Changes in osmoregulation during normal menstrual cycle were examined in 15 healthy women. In 10 women, studied repetitively during two consecutive menstrual cycles, basal plasma osmolality, sodium, and urea decreased by 4 mosmol/kg, 2 meq/l, and 0.5 mM, respectively (all P less than 0.02) from the follicular to luteal phase. Plasma vasopressin, protein, hematocrit, mean arterial pressure, and body weight did not change. In five other women, diluting capacity and osmotic control of thirst and vasopressin release were assessed in follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases. Responses of thirst and/or plasma vasopressin, urine osmolality, osmolal and free water clearance to water loading, and infusion of hypertonic saline were normal and similar in the three phases. However, the plasma osmolality at which plasma vasopressin and urine osmolality were maximally suppressed as well as calculated osmotic thresholds for thirst and vasopressin release were lower by 5 mosmol/kg in the luteal than in the follicular phase. This lowering of osmotic thresholds for thirst and vasopressin release, which occurs in the luteal phase, is qualitatively similar to that observed in pregnancy and should be taken into account when studying water balance and regulation of vasopressin secretion in healthy cycling women.

Interaction of somatostatin with PTH and AVP: renal effects.

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (5) ◽  
pp. E428
Author(s):  
N Brautbar ◽  
B S Levine ◽  
J W Coburn ◽  
C R Kleeman
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Parathyroid Extract ◽  
Renal Tubular ◽  
Vehicle Treated Group ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Antidiuretic Action

Six conscious intact dogs were studied to evaluate the interactions of somatostatin (SRIF) with exogenous antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP). SRIF administration caused a significant increase in free water clearance compared to a vehicle-treated group: -0.91 (+/- 0.41 SD) ml/min to 0.21 (+/- 0.32 SD) ml/min in the experimental group (P less than 0.01) versus 0.21 (+/- 0.81 SD) ml/min to -0.21 (+/- 0.68 SD) ml/min in the control (P greater than 0.5). Six conscious, thyroparathyroidectomized dogs were studied to test the interaction of SRIF and parathyroid extract (PTE). There were no significant changes in the phosphaturic and hypocalciuric effects of PTE with SRIF administration. We conclude that acute systemic SRIF administration interferes with the antidiuretic action of AVP, probably at the renal-tubular level, but does not antagonize the renal actions of PTE.

Alteration of renal function of rats following spaceflight

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (4) ◽  
pp. R1058-R1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Wade ◽  
Emily Morey-Holton
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Flight Controls ◽  
Excretion Rates ◽  
Solute Excretion ◽  
Water Clearance

Following spaceflight, changes in renal function of humans have been suggested. To assess the effects of readaptation on renal function, urine was collected from male rats (∼245 g) over a 2-wk period following a 14-day spaceflight. Rats were assigned to three groups: flight animals ( n = 6), flight controls ( n = 6) housed in the flight cages on the ground, and vivarium controls ( n = 5) housed in standard shoe box cages. Animals were placed into individual metabolic cages for urine collection. Urine output was significantly increased for 3 days following flight. Excretion rates of Na+ and K+ were increased, resulting in an increased osmotic excretion rate. Creatinine excretion rate increased over the first two postflight days. Glomerular filtration rate increased immediately following spaceflight without changes in plasma creatinine, Na+, K+, or osmolality. Increased excretion of solute was thus the result of increased delivery and a decreased percent reabsorption of the filtered load. Osmolal clearance was increased immediately postflight while free water clearance was decreased. In growing rats, the diuresis after short-duration spaceflight is the result of an increase in solute excretion with an accompanying reduction in free water clearance.

Morphological and functional comparisons of normal and hypertrophied kidneys of adult domestic fowl (Gallus gallus)

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (2) ◽  
pp. F403-F413
Author(s):  
C. M. Gregg ◽  
R. F. Wideman
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Renal Mass ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Osmotic Diuresis ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Permanent Loss ◽  
The Right ◽  
Water Clearance

Similar to mammals, kidneys of domestic fowl undergo compensatory hypertrophy after loss of functional renal mass. Because this species continues to develop new nephrons for up to 12-wk posthatch, renal hyperplasia might play a significant role in compensatory growth. Either transient or permanent loss of approximately 60% of the right kidney was produced in 2- to 3-wk-old roosters by simple ureteral transection or by removing a 1-mm segment of ureter at the level of the ischiadic artery, respectively. In the latter (experimental) group, right anterior and medial divisions atrophied leaving only the posterior division intact. Spontaneous reanastomosis occurred in the former (reconnected) group, and all three divisions were present at death. Control birds were untouched as were the left kidneys of experimental and reconnected birds. At 40-50 wk, renal function was measured separately in right and left kidneys of all groups during five different infusion protocols. Compared with control kidneys, experimental kidneys had a 50-60% weight gain, and their glomerular size distribution profile was shifted to the right (larger glomeruli). Reconnected kidneys were not hypertrophied, and their profile was shifted to the left (smaller glomeruli). Neither group had significant formation of new nephrons. Once variations in kidney weight were taken into account, there were no differences between hypertrophied (experimental) and control kidneys in urine flow rate (UFR), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), paraaminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance, UFR/GFR, urine osmolality, urine/plasma osmolality, osmolal clearance, free water clearance, Na and K load, absolute Na and K excretion, and fractional Na and K excretion except as follows: 1) during infusion of isotonic mannitol-dextrose at 0.1 ml.min-1.kg body wt-1 experimental kidneys had a lower fractional excretion of K than control kidneys, and 2) during brisk osmotic diuresis (isotonic mannitol-dextrose at 0.4 ml.min-1.kg body wt-1) experimental kidneys had higher UFR and free water clearance and lower urine osmolality and urine/plasma osmolality than control kidneys. Reconnected kidneys differed from control kidneys in only 1 of 210 comparisons. Permanent loss of functional renal mass in young birds produces significant compensatory renal hypertrophy that is due to enlargement of existing nephrons rather than formation of new nephrons. Hypertrophied kidneys function like normal kidneys except under conditions of brisk osmotic diuresis.

Osmotic regulation of vasopressin in the cat

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (2) ◽  
pp. E108-E111
Author(s):  
T. A. Reaves ◽  
H. M. Liu ◽  
M. M. Qasim ◽  
J. N. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Fluid Restriction ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Arterial Blood Supply ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Ad Libitum

This study examines the effects of blood osmolality on the release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the cat. Prior to the beginning of the experiments, the chamber-isolated, unanesthetized cat, allowed water ad libitum had a constant plasma osmolality averaging 320 +/- 2 (SE) mosmol/kg and a constant plasma AVP averaging 3.4 +/- 0.7 microU/ml. Water loading decreased plasma osmolality to 312 +/- 2 mosmol/kg and lowered plasma AVP to 1.3 +/- 0.2 microU/ml. As dehydration occurred during fluid restriction, the plasma osmolality increased and plasma AVP rose to 8 times the base line after 2 days. The rise in plasma AVP correlated linearly with the rise in plasma osmolality (r = 0.81; P less than 0.01). The cat's osmotic-vasopressin relationships are unique among mammals, revealing an elevated osmotic "set point" (threshold) and with regression analysis an increased "gain" or "'sensitivity" (increased slope of the regression line). We speculate that these unusual osmotic-AVP relationships may be related to some specialized features of the cat, such as hypothalamic anatomy or cerebral arterial blood supply.

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