scholarly journals Successful weight loss maintenance includes long-term increased meal responses of GLP-1 and PYY3–36

2016 ◽  
Vol 174 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva W Iepsen ◽  
Julie Lundgren ◽  
Jens J Holst ◽  
Sten Madsbad ◽  
Signe S Torekov
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Weight Loss Maintenance ◽  
Very Low Calorie Diet ◽  
Calorie Diet ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Successful Weight Loss

ObjectiveThe hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY3-36(PYY3–36), ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. However, it is unknown whether they exhibit adaptive changes with respect to postprandial secretion to a sustained weight loss.DesignThe study was designed as a longitudinal prospective intervention study with data obtained at baseline, after 8 weeks of weight loss and 1 year after weight loss.MethodsTwenty healthy obese individuals obtained a 13% weight loss by adhering to an 8-week very low-calorie diet (800kcal/day). After weight loss, participants entered a 52-week weight maintenance protocol. Plasma levels of GLP-1, PYY3–36, ghrelin, GIP and glucagon during a 600-kcal meal were measured before weight loss, after weight loss and after 1 year of weight maintenance. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated as total AUC (tAUC) and incremental AUC (iAUC).ResultsWeight loss was successfully maintained for 52 weeks. iAUC for GLP-1 increased by 44% after weight loss (P<0.04) and increased to 72% at week 52 (P=0.0001). iAUC for PYY3–36increased by 74% after weight loss (P<0.0001) and by 36% at week 52 (P=0.02). tAUC for ghrelin increased by 23% after weight loss (P<0.0001), but at week 52, the increase was reduced to 16% compared with before weight loss (P=0.005). iAUC for GIP increased by 36% after weight loss (P=0.001), but returned to before weight loss levels at week 52. Glucagon levels were unaffected by weight loss.ConclusionsMeal responses of GLP-1 and PYY3–36remained increased 1 year after weight maintenance, whereas ghrelin and GIP reverted toward before-weight loss values. Thus, an increase in appetite inhibitory mechanisms and a partly decrease in appetite-stimulating mechanisms appear to contribute to successful long-term weight loss maintenance.

Long-term maintenance of weight loss after a very-low-calorie diet: a randomized blinded trial of the efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine

1999 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Apfelbaum ◽  
Philippe Vague ◽  
Olivier Ziegler ◽  
Corinne Hanotin ◽  
Florence Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Very Low Calorie Diet ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Low Calorie Diet ◽  
Calorie Diet ◽  
Term Maintenance ◽  
Blinded Trial

scholarly journals Weight Loss Maintenance: Have We Missed the Brain?

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Poulimeneas ◽  
Mary Yannakoulia ◽  
Costas Anastasiou ◽  
Nikolaos Scarmeas
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Weight Loss Maintenance ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Obesity Management ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Successful Weight Loss ◽  
The Brain

Even though obese individuals often succeed with weight loss, long-term weight loss maintenance remains elusive. Dietary, lifestyle and psychosocial correlates of weight loss maintenance have been researched, yet the nature of maintenance is still poorly understood. Studying the neural processing of weight loss maintainers may provide a much-needed insight towards sustained obesity management. In this narrative review, we evaluate and critically discuss available evidence regarding the food-related neural responses of weight loss maintainers, as opposed to those of obese or lean persons. While research is still ongoing, available data indicate that following weight loss, maintainers exhibit persistent reward related feeling over food, similar to that of obese persons. However, unlike in obese persons, in maintainers, reward-related brain activity appears to be counteracted by subsequently heightened inhibition. These findings suggest that post-dieting, maintainers acquire a certain level of cognitive control which possibly protects them from weight regaining. The prefrontal cortex, as well as the limbic system, encompass key regions of interest for weight loss maintenance, and their contributions to long term successful weight loss should be further explored. Future possibilities and supportive theories are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of a High-Protein/Moderate-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite, Gut Peptides, and Endocannabinoids—A Preview Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Tischmann ◽  
Mathijs Drummen ◽  
Blandine Gatta-Cherifi ◽  
Anne Raben ◽  
Mikael Fogelholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Chamber Study ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Favorable effects of a high-protein/moderate-carbohydrate (HP/MCHO) diet after weight loss on body weight management have been shown. To extend these findings, associations between perception of hunger and satiety with endocannabinoids, and with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and polypeptide YY (PYY) were assessed. At approximately 34 months after weight loss, 22 female and 16 male participants (mean age 64.5 ± 5.9 years; body mass index (BMI) 28.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2) completed a 48 h respiration chamber study. Participants were fed in energy balance with a HP/MCHO diet with 25%:45%:30% or a moderate-protein/high-carbohydrate (MP/HCHO) diet with 15%:55%:30% of energy from protein:carbohydrate:fat. Endocannabinoids and related compounds, relevant postprandial hormones (GLP-1, PYY), hunger, satiety, and ad libitum food intake were assessed. HP/MCHO versus MP/HCHO reduced hunger perception. The lower decremental area under the curve (dAUC) for hunger in the HP/MCHO diet (−56.6% compared to MP, p < 0.05) was associated with the higher AUC for 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) concentrations (p < 0.05). Hunger was inversely associated with PYY in the HP/MCHO group (r = −0.7, p < 0.01). Ad libitum food intake, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and incremental AUCs for gut peptides were not different between conditions. HP/MCHO versus MP/HCHO diet-induced reduction in hunger was present after 34 months weight maintenance in the post-obese state. HP/MCHO diet-induced decrease of hunger is suggested to interact with increased 2-AG and PYY concentrations.

scholarly journals The Gut Hormones in Appetite Regulation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Suzuki ◽  
Channa N. Jayasena ◽  
Stephen R. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Obesity has received much attention worldwide in association with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. At present, bariatric surgery is the only effective treatment for obesity in which long-term weight loss is achieved in patients. By contrast, pharmacological interventions for obesity are usually followed by weight regain. Although the exact mechanisms of long-term weight loss following bariatric surgery are yet to be fully elucidated, several gut hormones have been implicated. Gut hormones play a critical role in relaying signals of nutritional and energy status from the gut to the central nervous system, in order to regulate food intake. Cholecystokinin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, and oxyntomodulin act through distinct yet synergistic mechanisms to suppress appetite, whereas ghrelin stimulates food intake. Here, we discuss the role of gut hormones in the regulation of food intake and body weight.

scholarly journals No consistent evidence of a disproportionately low resting energy expenditure in long-term successful weight-loss maintainers

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 658-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M Ostendorf ◽  
Edward L Melanson ◽  
Ann E Caldwell ◽  
Seth A Creasy ◽  
Zhaoxing Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Weight Loss Maintenance ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Predictive Equations ◽  
Successful Weight Loss ◽  
Resting Energy

Abstract Background Evidence in humans is equivocal in regards to whether resting energy expenditure (REE) decreases to a greater extent than predicted for the loss of body mass with weight loss, and whether this disproportionate decrease in REE persists with weight-loss maintenance. Objectives We aimed to1) determine if a lower-than-predicted REE is present in a sample of successful weight-loss maintainers (WLMs) and 2) determine if amount of weight loss or duration of weight-loss maintenance are correlated with a lower-than-predicted REE in WLMs. Design Participants (18–65 y old) were recruited in 3 groups: WLMs (maintaining ≥13.6 kg weight loss for ≥1 y, n = 34), normal-weight controls [NCs, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) similar to current BMI of WLMs, n = 35], and controls with overweight/obesity (OCs, BMI similar to pre–weight-loss maximum BMI of WLMs, n = 33). REE was measured (REEm) with indirect calorimetry. Predicted REE (REEp) was determined via 1) a best-fit linear regression developed with the use of REEm, age, sex, fat-free mass, and fat mass from our control groups and 2) three standard predictive equations. Results REEm in WLMs was accurately predicted by equations developed from NCs and OCs (±1%) and by 3 standard predictive equations (±3%). In WLMs, individual differences between REEm and REEp ranged from −257 to +163 kcal/d. A lower REEm compared with REEp was correlated with amount of weight lost (r = 0.36, P < 0.05) but was not correlated with duration of weight-loss maintenance (r = 0.04, P = 0.81). Conclusions We found no consistent evidence of a significantly lower REE than predicted in a sample of long-term WLMs based on predictive equations developed from NCs and OCs as well as 3 standard predictive equations. Results suggest that sustained weight loss may not always result in a substantial, disproportionately low REE. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03422380.

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