A 5 years retrospective studies looking at trends in water deprivation tests and roles for endocrine specialist nurses

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Yeoh ◽  
Pierre Bouloux ◽  
Shern Chew ◽  
Bernard Khoo ◽  
Paul Carroll ◽  
...  
1963 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Doll

The evidence that cigarette smoking and atmospheric pcllution are causes of lung cancer is largely statistical. The first evidence was indirect; that is, i1. was noticed that in many countries the incidence of lung cancer had increased and that the increase could be correlated with changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking and of certain types of atmospheric pollution.Since then much direct evidence has been obtained. The relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer has been demonstrated retrospectively by comparing the smoking habits of patients with and without lung cancer and prospectively by observing the mortality from lung cancer in groups of persons of known smoking habits. Conclusions can be drawn from these studies only after careful examination of the results. In particular it is important in retrospective studies to test a) the reproducibility of the data, b) the representativeness of the data, and c) the comparability of the special series and their controls. The resul1.s of retrospective studies are all similar and all show a close relationship between cigarette smoking and the disease.The results have been confirmed by pro~pective studies which are lesF. open to bias. The results can be explained if cigarette smoking causes lung cancer or if both are related to some third common factor. Ancillary data (pathological changes in the bronchial mucosa, animal experiments, etc.) support the causal hypothesis.The evidence relating to atmospheric pollution is less definite and it is difficult to get direct evidence of a relationship in the individual. It is clear that pollution has little effect in the absence of smoking, but the mortality associated with a given amount of smoking is generally greater in large towns than in the countryside and among men who have emigrated from Britain than among men who have lived all their lives in less polluted countries.


1958 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCES L. CLAYTON
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
А.А. Курылев ◽  
Б.В. Андреев

Несмотря на доступность в клинической практике широкого круга классических и атипичных антипсихотиков (АП), по-прежнему наблюдается широкая вариабельность ответа на психофармакотерапию. Эта вариабельность обусловлена генетической гетерогенностью как самой шизофрении, так и метаболизма АП. Стандартные назначаемые дозы АП далеко не всегда являются оптимальными. Генетическая вариабельность систем биотрансформации и биодоступности АП могут играть значимую роль в формировании ответа на терапию и развитии нежелательных реакций. Целью исследования стало проведение обзора литературы по проблеме клинической эффективности применения генотипирования полиморфизмов CYP2D6 при терапии антипсихотиками. Большинство фармакокинетических исследований обнаруживают сильную достоверную положительную корреляцию метаболического статуса CYP2D6, определенного путем генотипирования полиморфизмов CYP2D6 и фармакокинетических параметров АП (AUC, период полувыведения, клиренс). Однако статистически достоверных связей между полиморфизмами CYP2D6 и эффективностью терапии АП в большинстве исследований обнаружено не было, прежде всего из-за недостаточного количества участников, гетерогенности сравниваемых когорт, применении различных АП и использовании разных критериев эффективности. Перспективные исследования с хорошо сбалансированными группами сравнения, а также масштабные ретроспективные исследования демонстрируют достоверную корреляцию метаболического статуса CYP2D6 и частоты развития нежелательных реакций АП (лекарственный паркинсонизм и поздняя дискинезия). Для более точной оценки величины вклада генетических полиморфизмов CYP2D6 в эффективность и безопасность психофармакотерапии необходимы масштабные перспективные клинические исследования. Although a number of typical and atypical antipsychotics (AP) have been discovered and used in psychiatric clinical practice the variability in response to AP is quite high. This variability is partially explained by a genetic heterogeneity of schizophrenia and metabolism of AP. The standard prescribed antipsychotic daily dose is not always optimal. Genetic variability of biotransformation and bioavailability of AP may significantly influence on therapeutic effect and tolerability. The aim of the study was to perform literature review of studies evaluating the correlation of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms and AP pharmacokinetics, effectiveness and safety. Most pharmacokinetics studies show high positive significant correlation between CYP2D6 metabolic activity, determined by CYP2D6 polymorphisms genotyping and AP pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC, elimination half-life, clearance etc.). However the majority of studies were failed to demonstrate significant correlation between CYP2D6 polymorphisms and AP effectiveness mainly due to inadequate number of patient, heterogeneous cohorts, different AP and effectiveness criteria used. Prospective studies with balanced comparison groups and large retrospective studies showed significant correlation between CYP2D6 metabolic status and the frequency of AP induced AEs (parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia). To better assess the influence of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms on AP effectiveness and safety in clinical routine large prospective well designed clinical studies are needed.


2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingxia Wang ◽  
Guanqi Wang ◽  
Haiyan Ma ◽  
Baoen Shan

Introduction: Crizotinib was approved to treat anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)- positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by the Food and Drug Administration in 2011.We conducted a systematic review of clinical trials and retrospective studies to compare the efficacy and safety of crizotinib with chemotherapy. </P><P> Methods: We searched electronic databases from inception to Dec. 2016. Clinical trials and retrospective studies regarding crizotinib and crizotinib versus chemotherapy in treatment of NSCLC were eligible. The primary outcomes were the objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR). Results: Nine studies (five clinical trials and four retrospective studies) including 729 patients met the inclusion criteria. Crizotinib treatment revealed 1-year OS of 77.1% and PFS of 9.17 months. And crizotinib had a better performance than chemotherapy in ORR (OR: 4.97, 95%CI: 3.16 to 7.83, P<0.00001, I2=35%). DCR revealed superiority with crizotinib than chemotherapy (OR: 3.42, 95% CI: 2.33 to 5.01, P<0.00001, I2=0%). PR (partial response) were significant superior to that of chemotherapy through direct systematic review. No statistically significant difference in CR (complete response) was found between crizotinib-treated group and chemotherapy-treated group. Regarding SD (stable disease), chemotherapy-treated group had a better performance than crizotinib-treated group. Common adverse events associated with crizotinib were visual disorder, gastrointestinal side effects, and elevated liver aminotransferase levels, whereas common adverse events with chemotherapy were fatigue, nausea, and hematologic toxicity. This systematic review revealed improved objective response rate and increased disease control rate in crizotinib group comparing with chemotherapy group. Crizotinib treatment would be a favorable treatment option for patients with ALK-positive NSCLC. ALK inhibitors may have future potential applications in other cancers driven by ALK or c-MET gene mutations.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagjit Khosla ◽  
Reshma Golamari ◽  
Alice Cai ◽  
Jamal Benson ◽  
Wilbert S Aronow ◽  
...  

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a genetic disorder resulting in fibrofatty replacement of the myocardium. Genetic mutations in genes encoding for desmosome proteins result in a ventricular myocardium prone to arrhythmias and heart failure. Although ARVC is known for a few decades, most of the outcomes in pregnancy are reported recently. Pregnancy leads to significant physiological changes with excess mechanical stress on the myocardium. All the retrospective studies suggest that pregnancy is well tolerated in these patients despite the high risk of arrhythmias and heart failure. Our review focuses on the most up-to-date evidence on the management of ARVC patients during the antepartum and postpartum period.


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