scholarly journals Influence of sprinkler irrigation droplet diameter, application intensity and specific power on flower damage

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Yisheng ZHANG ◽  
Delan ZHU
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Flower Damage

Analysis of Droplet Characteristics and Kinetic Energy Distribution for Fixed Spray Plate Sprinkler at Low Working Pressure

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-460
Author(s):  
Rui Chen ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Xin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Kinetic Energy Distribution ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
List Type ◽  
Working Pressure

HighlightsAn experiment was conducted to investigate the hydraulic performance of a fixed spray plate sprinkler (FSPS).A model was developed for estimating the cumulative kinetic energy of the FSPS under a moving system.The droplet characteristics and kinetic energy distribution were affected by the working pressure and FSPS structure.A high cumulative kinetic energy could lead to a low water infiltration rate into the soil.Abstract. The kinetic energy of droplets from a fixed spray plate sprinkler (FSPS) has a substantial influence on runoff and soil erosion, as well as on the energy consumption of moving sprinkler irrigation systems. To determine the droplet characteristics and kinetic energy of an FSPS, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of working pressure, plate structure, and nozzle size on the droplet diameter, velocity, and kinetic energy. Two plates (the FSPSB with a concave trajectory and deep grooves in the blue plate, and the FSPSY with a flat trajectory and shallow grooves in the yellow plate) were used in the tests. The cumulative kinetic energy and water depth were calculated for a single sprinkler moving in a straight line. The results show that the FSPSB, which had deeper grooves in the plate, produced a larger droplet diameter than the FSPSY, with shallow grooves in the plate. The droplet landing velocities presented a logarithmic relationship with the droplet diameter, and velocities increased with an increase in droplet diameter. The peak specific power (SP) value of the FSPSB was 1.14 to 16.76 times that of the FSPSY. When the working pressure was less than 150 kPa, the peak SP of the FSPSB remained at a high level. With an increase in working pressure, the peak SP of the FSPSB initially increased and then decreased, while the peak SP of the FSPSY increased. The cumulative kinetic energy of the FSPSB was higher than that of the FSPSY under mobile spray conditions. Compared with the cumulative water depth, the cumulative kinetic energy of the FSPSB increased and then decreased as the working pressure increased for the same applied water volume. Because the soil had a lower infiltration rate under the FSPSB, surface ponding was more likely to occur with the FSPSB than with the FSPSY at low working pressure. Keywords: Cumulative kinetic energy, Droplet size, Specific power, Sprinkler irrigation, Working condition.

scholarly journals Comparison between sprinkler irrigation and natural rainfall based on droplet diameter

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. e1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
MaoSheng Ge ◽  
Pute Wu ◽  
Delan Zhu ◽  
Daniel P. Ames
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Horizontal Component ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Actual Field

<p>An indoor experiment was conducted to analyze the movement characteristics of different sized droplets and their influence on water application rate distribution and kinetic energy distribution. Radial droplets emitted from a Nelson D3000 sprinkler nozzle under 66.3, 84.8, and 103.3 kPa were measured in terms of droplet velocity, landing angle, and droplet kinetic energy and results were compared to natural rainfall characteristics. Results indicate that sprinkler irrigation droplet landing velocity for all sizes of droplets is not related to nozzle pressure and the values of landing velocity are very close to that of natural rainfall. The velocity horizontal component increases with radial distance while the velocity vertical component decreases with radial distance. Additionally, landing angle of all droplet sizes decreases with radial distance. The kinetic energy is decomposed into vertical component and horizontal component due to the oblique angles of droplet impact on the surface soil, and this may aggravate soil erosion. Therefore the actual oblique angle of impact should be considered in actual field conditions and measures should be taken for remediation of soil erosion if necessary.</p>

scholarly journals Development of Modern Production Prototypes of Wide-Coverage Sprinkler Irrigation Equipment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S3) ◽  
pp. 884-889
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Technical Documentation ◽  
Conducting State ◽  
Short Period ◽  
State Acceptance ◽  
Acceptance Tests

Creating effective irrigation systems requires solving the dialectic problem: selecting high-performance equipment and irrigation technology that takes into account the rational water and energy use requirements and maximum adaptation to the region of their application ensuring environmental safety, preserving and increasing the fertility of irrigated soils. The fundamental is the principle of maximum adaptation of sprinkling equipment to specific soil, climatic and relief conditions, taking into account the environmental indicators acceptable for a particular landscape. In the period from 2015, development work on the reconstruction of domestic wide-coverage sprinklers in the Russian Federation was resumed. Over this short period, a number of companies went from developing working design documentation for prototype models of preproduction series of sprinkler machines to conducting state acceptance tests confirming the status of a Russian manufacturer to their active introduction in irrigated areas of domestic agricultural producers. When developing a number of models of sprinkler machines, the FSBI All-Russian Research Institute "Raduga" took an active part in their designing and in experimental work, development of technical documentation and support for conducting state tests; they are that were considered in this article. All samples were developed on the basis of the conditions of compliance with modern agrotechnical requirements, namely, when watering, artificial precipitation should form in its structure close to natural rains with a droplet diameter of 0.8-1.2 mm and an intensity of up to 0.25 mm / min. with a uniform distribution over area not less than 0.8. Testing of the samples was carried out by the Federal State Institution “Vladimir State Zone Machine Testing Station” in accordance with “ STO AIST 11.1-2010. Sprinkling machines and installations. Methods for assessing functional indicators”, and also related standard and regulatory documents. The tests passed allowed us to obtain positive protocols of state acceptance tests with recommendations on putting in serial production or putting in production after implementing the corrections.

scholarly journals Effects of Pressure and Nozzle Size on the Spray Characteristics of Low-Pressure Rotating Sprinklers

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2904
Author(s):  
Rui Chen ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Xin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Droplet Velocity ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Working Pressure ◽  
Nozzle Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Droplet Trajectory

Using low-pressure sprinklers in agricultural irrigation has become an alternative way of reducing water and energy stress. To determine the applicability of the low-pressure rotating sprinkler, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of working pressure and nozzle size on sprinkler rotation speed, application rate, droplet size, droplet velocity, droplet trajectory angle, and kinetic energy distribution. The results showed that the mean droplet diameter increased exponentially along with the increase in distance from the sprinkler, and a logarithmic relation was derived between droplet diameter and droplet velocity. Due to the low breakup degree of the jet under the lowest working pressure of 100 kPa, the peak values of specific power and application rate were high, which reached 0.09 W m−2 and 11.35 mm h−1, and were 3.1–5.4 times and 2.5–3.1 times those of other working conditions. Meanwhile, the peak specific power of the biggest nozzle (diameter = 5.2 mm) was 2.4–2.8 times that of smaller nozzles. With an increase in working pressure, the sprinkler time per rotation decreased and the distributions of kinetic energy and water became more uniform. Thus, it is not recommended to equip the sprinkler with a large nozzle under low working pressure.

Theoretical Post-Dryout Heat Transfer Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-150
Author(s):  
Murat Tunc ◽  
Ayse Nur Esen ◽  
Doruk Sen ◽  
Ahmet Karakas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Heat Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Vertical Pipe ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Reactor Operating ◽  
Coolant System

A theoretical post-dryout heat transfer model is developed for two-phase dispersed flow, one-dimensional vertical pipe in a post-CHF regime. Because of the presence of average droplet diameter lower bound in a two-phase sparse flow. Droplet diameter is also calculated. Obtained results are compared with experimental values. Experimental data is used two-phase flow steam-water in VVER-1200, reactor coolant system, reactor operating pressure is 16.2 MPa. On heater rod surface, dryout was detected as a result of jumping increase of the heater rod surface temperature. Results obtained display lower droplet dimensions than the experimentally obtained values.

Development and Oral Bioavailability of Self-Emulsifying Formulation of Ketoconazole

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1858-1865
Author(s):  
Arundhati Bhattacharyya ◽  
M Bajpai
Keyword(s):  
Oral Bioavailability ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Oral Absorption ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Concurrent Administration ◽  
System Maintenance ◽  
Pure Drug ◽  
Ph Dependent

Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal drug belonging to the class II of Biopharmaceutic Classification System. Maintenance of gastric acidity is essential for adequate dissolution and absorption of ketoconazole. Concurrent administration of antacid and antiulcer preparations decreases the oral absorption of ketoconazole often causing therapeutic failure.  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a self-emulsifying formulation of ketoconazole would be able to overcome the pH dependent dissolution and oral bioavailability. Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) was prepared after selecting the oil, surfactant and co-surfactant by solubility analysis. Optimum ratio of the components was finalized on the basis of drug content, self-emulsification and mean droplet diameter. The effect of pH on dissolution was studied in comparison to the pure drug. Oral bioavailability was determined in comparison to aqueous suspension in rats and the effect of co-administration of ranitidine hydrochloride solution and a commercially available liquid antacid preparation was studied. The optimized formulation containing 20% Capryol 90 and 40% each of Carbitol and Tween 80, exhibited 100% drug release regardless of the pH whereas the pure drug exhibited a highly pH dependent dissolution. The AUC0-24 resulted with oral administration of the SEDDS formulation was about 34%, 43% and 60% higher compared to the aqueous suspension when administered alone, administered with ranitidine and administered with antacid respectively. The results of the present study demonstrate that self-emulsifying formulations can be utilized for oral delivery of weakly basic drugs like ketoconazole which exhibit pH dependent dissolution.

Effects of Furrow Diking on Corn Response to Limited and Full Sprinkler Irrigation

2002 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 222 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Howell ◽  
A. D. Schneider ◽  
D. A. Dusek
Keyword(s):  
Sprinkler Irrigation

Reuse of Wastewaters in Agriculture by Means of Sprinkler Irrigation on a Farmland Area of 3000 ha – Large Scale Experience in Germany

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
R. Boll ◽  
R. Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Sewage Farm ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Main Components

The Braunschweig wastewater land treatment system as the largest in Western Germany serves a population of about 270.000 and has an annual flow of around 22 Mio m3. The whole treatment process consists of three main components : a pre-treatment plant as an activated sludge process, a sprinkler irrigation area of 3.000 ha of farmland and an old sewage farm of 200 ha with surface flooding. This paper briefly summarizes the experiences with management and operation of the system, the treatment results with reference to environmental impact, development of agriculture and some financial aspects.

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