Interaction Between Familial Transmission and a Constitutively Active Immune System Shapes Gut Microbiota in Drosophila melanogaster

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals is host to a complex community of different microorganisms whose activities significantly influence host nutrition and health through enhanced metabolic capabilities, protection against pathogens, and regulation of the gastrointestinal development and immune system. New molecular technologies and concepts have revealed distinct interactions between the gut microbiota and dietary amino acids (AAs) especially in relation to AA metabolism and utilization in resident bacteria in the digestive tract, and these interactions may play significant roles in host nutrition and health as well as the efficiency of dietary AA supplementation. After the protein is digested and AAs and peptides are absorbed in the small intestine, significant levels of endogenous and exogenous nitrogenous compounds enter the large intestine through the ileocaecal junction. Once they move in the colonic lumen, these compounds are not markedly absorbed by the large intestinal mucosa, but undergo intense proteolysis by colonic microbiota leading to the release of peptides and AAs and result in the production of numerous bacterial metabolites such as ammonia, amines, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), hydrogen sulfide, organic acids, and phenols. These metabolites influence various signaling pathways in epithelial cells, regulate the mucosal immune system in the host, and modulate gene expression of bacteria which results in the synthesis of enzymes associated with AA metabolism. This review aims to summarize the current literature relating to how the interactions between dietary amino acids and gut microbiota may promote host nutrition and health.

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Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Human Neurological Disorders

CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871527319666200726222138 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 509-526

Author(s):

Qin Huang ◽

Fang Yu ◽

Di Liao ◽

Jian Xia

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Brain Function ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Gut Dysbiosis ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Novel Therapeutic Strategies

: Recent studies implicate microbiota-brain communication as an essential factor for physiology and pathophysiology in brain function and neurodevelopment. One of the pivotal mechanisms about gut to brain communication is through the regulation and interaction of gut microbiota on the host immune system. In this review, we will discuss the role of microbiota-immune systeminteractions in human neurological disorders. The characteristic features in the development of neurological diseases include gut dysbiosis, the disturbed intestinal/Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability, the activated inflammatory response, and the changed microbial metabolites. Neurological disorders contribute to gut dysbiosis and some relevant metabolites in a top-down way. In turn, the activated immune system induced by the change of gut microbiota may deteriorate the development of neurological diseases through the disturbed gut/BBB barrier in a down-top way. Understanding the characterization and identification of microbiome-immune- brain signaling pathways will help us to yield novel therapeutic strategies by targeting the gut microbiome in neurological disease.

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Nutritional Components in Western Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet at the Gut Microbiota–Immune System Interplay. Implications for Health and Disease

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020699 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 699

Author(s):

Cielo García-Montero ◽

Oscar Fraile-Martínez ◽

Ana M. Gómez-Lahoz ◽

Leonel Pekarek ◽

Alejandro J. Castellanos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Inflammatory Disorder ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Nutritional Components ◽

Westernized Diet ◽

Prevention And Health Promotion ◽

Health And Disease

The most prevalent diseases of our time, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer) are rising worldwide. All of them share the condition of an “inflammatory disorder”, with impaired immune functions frequently caused or accompanied by alterations in gut microbiota. These multifactorial maladies also have in common malnutrition related to physiopathology. In this context, diet is the greatest modulator of immune system–microbiota crosstalk, and much interest, and new challenges, are arising in the area of precision nutrition as a way towards treatment and prevention. It is a fact that the westernized diet (WD) is partly responsible for the increased prevalence of NCDs, negatively affecting both gut microbiota and the immune system. Conversely, other nutritional approaches, such as Mediterranean diet (MD), positively influence immune system and gut microbiota, and is proposed not only as a potential tool in the clinical management of different disease conditions, but also for prevention and health promotion globally. Thus, the purpose of this review is to determine the regulatory role of nutritional components of WD and MD in the gut microbiota and immune system interplay, in order to understand, and create awareness of, the influence of diet over both key components.

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Does cold activate the Drosophila melanogaster immune system?

Journal of Insect Physiology ◽

10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.10.009 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 96 ◽

pp. 29-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Golnaz Salehipour-shirazi ◽

Laura V. Ferguson ◽

Brent J. Sinclair

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Immune System

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Regulation of Metabolism: A Cross Talk Between Gut Microbiota and Its Human Host

Physiology ◽

10.1152/physiol.00023.2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 300-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Rémy Burcelin

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Low Grade ◽

Gene Products ◽

Individual Level ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Regulation Of Metabolism ◽

Molecular Origin ◽

The Individual ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

The recent epidemic of obesity and diabetes and the diversity at the individual level could be explained by the intestinal microbiota-to-host relationship. More than four million gene products from the microbiome could interact with the immune system to induce a tissue metabolic infection, which is the molecular origin of the low-grade inflammation that characterizes the onset of obesity and diabetes.

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The immune system and the gut microbiota: friends or foes?

Nature Reviews Immunology ◽

10.1038/nri2850 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 735-744 ◽

Cited By ~ 392

Author(s):

Nadine Cerf-Bensussan ◽

Valérie Gaboriau-Routhiau

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota

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Maternal Gestational Bifidobacterium bifidum TMC3115 Treatment Shapes Construction of Offspring Gut Microbiota and Development of Immune System and Induces Immune Tolerance to Food Allergens

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3954920 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ruyue Cheng ◽

Yujie Zhang ◽

Yang Yang ◽

Jinxing Li ◽

Yimei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Immune Tolerance ◽

Bifidobacterium Bifidum ◽

Food Allergens

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The interplay between gut microbiota and the immune system in liver transplant recipients and its role in infections

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00376-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Giuseppe Ancona ◽

Laura Alagna ◽

Andrea Lombardi ◽

Emanuele Palomba ◽

Valeria Castelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Immune System ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Liver Transplant ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Transplant Recipients ◽

Liver Transplant Recipients

Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving strategy for patients with end-stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and acute liver failure. LT success can be hampered by several short-term and long-term complications. Among them, bacterial infections, especially due to multidrug-resistant germs, are particularly frequent with a prevalence between 19 and 33% in the first 100 days after transplantation. In the last decades, a number of studies have highlighted how gut microbiota (GM) is involved in several essential functions to ensure the intestinal homeostasis, becoming one of the most important virtual metabolic organs. GM works through different axes with other organs, and the gut-liver axis is among the most relevant and investigated ones. Any alteration or disruption of GM is defined as dysbiosis. Peculiar phenotypes of GM dysbiosis have been associated to several liver conditions and complications, such as chronic hepatitis, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, there is growing evidence of the crucial role of GM in shaping the immune response, both locally and systemically, against pathogens. This paves the way to the manipulation of GM as a therapeutic instrument to modulate the infectious risk and outcome. In this minireview we provide an overview of the current understanding on the interplay between gut microbiota and the immune system in liver transplant recipients and the role of the former in infections.

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