Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Human Neurological Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 509-526
Author(s):  
Qin Huang ◽  
Fang Yu ◽  
Di Liao ◽  
Jian Xia
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

: Recent studies implicate microbiota-brain communication as an essential factor for physiology and pathophysiology in brain function and neurodevelopment. One of the pivotal mechanisms about gut to brain communication is through the regulation and interaction of gut microbiota on the host immune system. In this review, we will discuss the role of microbiota-immune systeminteractions in human neurological disorders. The characteristic features in the development of neurological diseases include gut dysbiosis, the disturbed intestinal/Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability, the activated inflammatory response, and the changed microbial metabolites. Neurological disorders contribute to gut dysbiosis and some relevant metabolites in a top-down way. In turn, the activated immune system induced by the change of gut microbiota may deteriorate the development of neurological diseases through the disturbed gut/BBB barrier in a down-top way. Understanding the characterization and identification of microbiome-immune- brain signaling pathways will help us to yield novel therapeutic strategies by targeting the gut microbiome in neurological disease.

scholarly journals The Multifaceted Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Immune System of the Intestinal Mucosa

Immuno ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-594
Author(s):  
Takehiro Hirano ◽  
Hiroshi Nakase
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Gut Homeostasis ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The gut microbiota has diverse microbial components, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The interaction between gut microbiome components and immune responses has been studied extensively over the last decade. Several studies have reported the potential role of the gut microbiome in maintaining gut homeostasis and the development of disease. The commensal microbiome can preserve the integrity of the mucosal barrier by acting on the host immune system. Contrastingly, dysbiosis-induced inflammation can lead to the initiation and progression of several diseases through inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. In this review, we describe the multifaceted effects of the gut microbiota on several diseases from the perspective of mucosal immunological responses.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota in Tumor Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Miao Wu ◽  
Jiawei Bai ◽  
Chengtai Ma ◽  
Jie Wei ◽  
Xianjin Du
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Tumor Immunotherapy ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Hematological Tumors ◽  
New Research

Tumor immunotherapy is the fourth therapy after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. It has made great breakthroughs in the treatment of some epithelial tumors and hematological tumors. However, its adverse reactions are common or even more serious, and the response rate in some solid tumors is not satisfactory. With the maturity of genomics and metabolomics technologies, the effect of intestinal microbiota in tumor development and treatment has gradually been recognized. The microbiota may affect tumor immunity by regulating the host immune system and tumor microenvironment. Some bacteria help fight tumors by activating immunity, while some bacteria mediate immunosuppression to help cancer cells escape from the immune system. More and more studies have revealed that the effects and complications of tumor immunotherapy are related to the composition of the gut microbiota. The composition of the intestinal microbiota that is sensitive to treatment or prone to adverse reactions has certain characteristics. These characteristics may be used as biomarkers to predict the prognosis of immunotherapy and may also be developed as “immune potentiators” to assist immunotherapy. Some clinical and preclinical studies have proved that microbial intervention, including microbial transplantation, can improve the sensitivity of immunotherapy or reduce adverse reactions to a certain extent. With the development of gene editing technology and nanotechnology, the design and development of engineered bacteria that contribute to immunotherapy has become a new research hotspot. Based on the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and immunotherapy, the correct mining of microbial information and the development of reasonable and feasible microbial intervention methods are expected to optimize tumor immunotherapy to a large extent and bring new breakthroughs in tumor treatment.

scholarly journals Mining the Gut Microbiota for Microbial-Based Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolei Li ◽  
Tao Gong ◽  
Yu Hao ◽  
Xuedong Zhou ◽  
Lei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Promising Strategy

The past two decades witnessed a revolution in our understanding of host–microbiota interactions that led to the concept of the super-organism consisting of a eukaryotic part and a prokaryotic part. Owing to the critical role of gut microbiota in modulating the host immune system, it is not beyond all expectations that more and more evidence indicated that the shift of gut microbiota influenced responses to numerous forms of cancer immunotherapy. Therapy targeting gut microbiota is becoming a promising strategy to improve cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the role of the gut microbiota in response to cancer immunotherapy, the mechanisms that the gut microbiota influences cancer immunotherapy, and therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota to improve cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Probiotics in Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections and Neuroinflammatory Disorders

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 4891
Author(s):  
Roghayeh Shahbazi ◽  
Hamed Yasavoli-Sharahi ◽  
Nawal Alsadi ◽  
Nafissa Ismail ◽  
Chantal Matar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Inflammation is a biological response to the activation of the immune system by various infectious or non-infectious agents, which may lead to tissue damage and various diseases. Gut commensal bacteria maintain a symbiotic relationship with the host and display a critical function in the homeostasis of the host immune system. Disturbance to the gut microbiota leads to immune dysfunction both locally and at distant sites, which causes inflammatory conditions not only in the intestine but also in the other organs such as lungs and brain, and may induce a disease state. Probiotics are well known to reinforce immunity and counteract inflammation by restoring symbiosis within the gut microbiota. As a result, probiotics protect against various diseases, including respiratory infections and neuroinflammatory disorders. A growing body of research supports the beneficial role of probiotics in lung and mental health through modulating the gut-lung and gut-brain axes. In the current paper, we discuss the potential role of probiotics in the treatment of viral respiratory infections, including the COVID-19 disease, as major public health crisis in 2020, and influenza virus infection, as well as treatment of neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis and other mental illnesses.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota from patients with arteriosclerotic CSVD induces higher IL-17A production in neutrophils via activating RORγt

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. eabe4827
Author(s):  
Wei Cai ◽  
Xiaodong Chen ◽  
Xuejiao Men ◽  
Hengfang Ruan ◽  
Mengyan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Interleukin 17A ◽  
Human And Mouse

The intestinal microbiota shape the host immune system and influence the outcomes of various neurological disorders. Arteriosclerotic cerebral small vessel disease (aCSVD) is highly prevalent among the elderly with its pathological mechanisms yet is incompletely understood. The current study investigated the ecology of gut microbiota in patients with aCSVD, particularly its impact on the host immune system. We reported that the altered composition of gut microbiota was associated with undesirable disease outcomes and exacerbated inflammaging status. When exposed to the fecal bacterial extracts from a patient with aCSVD, human and mouse neutrophils were activated, and capacity of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) production was increased. Mechanistically, RORγt signaling in neutrophils was activated by aCSVD-associated gut bacterial extracts to up-regulate IL-17A production. Our findings revealed a previously unrecognized implication of the gut-immune-brain axis in aCSVD pathophysiology, with therapeutic implications.

scholarly journals Apis cerana gut microbiota contribute to host health though stimulating host immune system and strengthening host resistance to Nosema ceranae

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 192100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqi Wu ◽  
Yufei Zheng ◽  
Yanan Chen ◽  
Gongwen Chen ◽  
Huoqing Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Nosema Ceranae ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Jnk Pathway ◽  
Host Health

Gut microbial communities play vital roles in the modulation of many insects' immunity, including Apis mellifera . However, little is known about the interaction of Apis cerana gut bacteria and A. cerana immune system. Here in this study, we conducted a comparison between germ-free gut microbiota deficient (GD) workers and conventional gut community (CV) workers, to reveal the possible impact of gut microbiota on the expression of A. cerana antimicrobial peptides and immune regulate pathways. We also test whether A. cerana gut microbiota can strengthen host resistance to Nosema ceranae . We find that the expression of apidaecin , abaecin and hymenoptaecin were significantly upregulated with the presence of gut bacteria, and JNK pathway was activated; in the meanwhile, the existence of gut bacteria inhibited the proliferation of Nosema ceranae . These demonstrated the essential role of A. cerana gut microbiota to host health and provided critical insight into the honeybee host–microbiome interaction.

scholarly journals Gut Dysbiosis and Immune System in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ACVD)

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Ji Youn Yoo ◽  
Sarah Sniffen ◽  
Kyle Craig McGill Percy ◽  
Veera Bramhachari Pallaval ◽  
Bojjibabu Chidipi
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Inflammation Resolution

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and mortality worldwide. Alterations in the gut microbiota composition, known as gut dysbiosis, have been shown to contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) development through several pathways. Disruptions in gut homeostasis are associated with activation of immune processes and systemic inflammation. The gut microbiota produces several metabolic products, such as trimethylamine (TMA), which is used to produce the proatherogenic metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate, butyrate, and propionate, and certain bile acids (BAs) produced by the gut microbiota lead to inflammation resolution and decrease atherogenesis. Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with common risk factors for atherosclerosis, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity. Novel strategies for reducing ACVD include the use of nutraceuticals such as resveratrol, modification of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels, supplementation with probiotics, and administration of prebiotic SCFAs and BAs. Investigation into the relationship between the gut microbiota, and its metabolites, and the host immune system could reveal promising insights into ACVD development, prognostic factors, and treatments.

scholarly journals The Gut Dysbiosis and Immune System in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ACVD)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Youn Yoo ◽  
Sarah Sniffen ◽  
Kyle McGill Percy ◽  
Bojji Babu Chidipi ◽  
Veera Bramhachari Pallaval
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Inflammation Resolution

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and mortality worldwide. Alterations in the gut microbiota composition, known as gut dysbiosis, have been shown to contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) development through several pathways. Disruptions in gut homeostasis are associated with activation of immune processes and systemic inflammation. The gut microbiota produces several metabolic products, namely trimethylamine (TMA), which is used to produce the proatherogenic metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate, butyrate, and propionate, and certain bile acids (BAs) produced by the gut microbiota lead to inflammation resolution and decrease atherogenesis. Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated to common risk factors for atherosclerosis, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity. Novel strategies for reducing ACVD include the use of nutraceuticals such as resveratrol, modification of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels, supplementation with probiotics, and administration of prebiotic SCFAs and BAs. Investigation into the relationship between the gut microbiota and its metabolites, and the host immune system could reveal promising insight into ACVD development, prognostic factors, and treatments.

scholarly journals Is Central Nervous System an Immune-Privileged Site?

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Shrestha ◽  
O Millington ◽  
J Brewer ◽  
T Bushell
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Surveillance Site ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Privileged Site

The central nervous system (CNS) was once considered to be an immune-privileged area. However, increasing evidence shows that the central nervous system is not an immune-privileged but is an active surveillance site. There is a bi-directional communication between the central nervous system and immune system. Normally, immune cells migrate into the central nervous system microenvironment through choroid plexus and interact with the central nervous system resident cells through either through neuromediators or immunomediators. This finding has led to a significant interest in neuroimmunological interactions and investigation onto the role of the immune system in the pathology of various neurological disorders and examine whether it can be targeted to produce novel therapeutic strategies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v11i1.11055 Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.11(1) 2013: 102-107

scholarly journals Gut–Brain Axis: Role of Gut Microbiota on Neurological Disorders and How Probiotics/Prebiotics Beneficially Modulate Microbial and Immune Pathways to Improve Brain Functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7551
Author(s):  
Kanmani Suganya ◽  
Byung-Soo Koo
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The gut microbiome acts as an integral part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that has the largest and vulnerable surface with desirable features to observe foods, nutrients, and environmental factors, as well as to differentiate commensals, invading pathogens, and others. It is well-known that the gut has a strong connection with the central nervous system (CNS) in the context of health and disease. A healthy gut with diverse microbes is vital for normal brain functions and emotional behaviors. In addition, the CNS controls most aspects of the GI physiology. The molecular interaction between the gut/microbiome and CNS is complex and bidirectional, ensuring the maintenance of gut homeostasis and proper digestion. Besides this, several mechanisms have been proposed, including endocrine, neuronal, toll-like receptor, and metabolites-dependent pathways. Changes in the bidirectional relationship between the GIT and CNS are linked with the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal and neurological disorders; therefore, the microbiota/gut-and-brain axis is an emerging and widely accepted concept. In this review, we summarize the recent findings supporting the role of the gut microbiota and immune system on the maintenance of brain functions and the development of neurological disorders. In addition, we highlight the recent advances in improving of neurological diseases by probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation via the concept of the gut–brain axis.

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