scholarly journals Screening of cellulose-degrading fungi in forest litter and fungal effects on litter decomposition

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 2937-2946
Author(s):  
Siqi Sun ◽  
Yuetai Weng ◽  
Xueying Di ◽  
Zhihua Liu ◽  
Guang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Juglans Mandshurica ◽  
Natural Cellulose ◽  
Congo Red Staining ◽  
Growth Of Fungi ◽  
Degradation Effect ◽  
Holocellulose Content

Fungi were isolated using a rose bengal chloramphenicol agar as the culture medium. Congo red staining was used on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose medium to screen fungal strains that have potential to produce cellulolytic enzymes according to the cellulolytic index (CI). The ability of these isolates to break down holocellulose in three forest litter substrates (broad-leafed: Juglans mandshurica; coniferous: Larix gmelinii; broadleaf-conifer mixed: J. mandshurica and L. gmelinii) was tested over 80 days of incubation. The holocellulose content and the decomposition rule were studied. The strain with the most efficient degradation effect on natural cellulose in forest litter was selected. The growth of fungi was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrolytic circles indicated the activity of cellulase produced by the fungi, and it implied that the fungi could degrade cellulose. The results showed that eight strains were able to degrade cellulose. The strain A2 (Peniophora incarnate) showed the highest CI, while A4 (Sarocladium strictum) was most capable of degrading holocellulose in various litter substrates. The SEM micrographs revealed that A4 had the ability to invade leaf tissue and degrade holocellulose in leaves. This study could be helpful for forest litter management, which provides a new way to cleanup forest litter using cellulose-degrading fungi.

Bioethanol Production of Cellulase Producing Bacteria from Soils of Agrowaste Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-655
Author(s):  
A. Thomas ◽  
M. Laxmi ◽  
A. Benny
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Ethanolic Fermentation ◽  
Cellulose Bioconversion ◽  
Congo Red Staining ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

With decades of studies on cellulose bioconversion, cellulases have been playing an important role in producing fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. Copious microorganisms that are able to degrade cellulose have been isolated and identified. The present study has been undertaken to isolate and screen the cellulase producing bacteria from soils of agrowaste field. Cellulase production has been qualitatively analyzed in carboxy methylcellulose (CMC) agar medium after congo red staining and NaCl treatment by interpretation with zones around the potent colonies. Out of the seven isolates, only two showed cellulase production. The morphogical and molecular characterization revealed its identity as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The potential of organisms for bioethanol production has been investigated using two substrates, namely, paper and leaves by subjecting with a pre-treatment process using acid hydrolysis to remove lignin which acts as physical barrier to cellulolytic enzymes. Ethanolic fermentation was done using Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 24-48 h and then the bioethanol produced was qualitatively proved by iodoform assay. These finding proves that ethanol can be made from the agricultural waste and the process is recommended as a means of generating wealth from waste.

scholarly journals Studies on the effect of fungicides incorporated into the culture medium on fungi damaging ancient paper

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
A. Strzelczyk
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Phenolic Derivatives

The aim of this work was to study the effect of fungicides contained in the medium on spore germination, on growth of colonies and on biosynthesis of cellulolytic enzymes of fungi isolated from damaged ancient books. Influence of various temperatures on the biosynthesis of cellulases was also studied. It was shown that mercuric fungicides were more effective in inhibition of spore germination and cellulytic enzyme activity than phenolic derivatives. The biosynthesis of cellulases was more effective in 16-18º than in 23 and 30ºC. The phenomenon of adaptation to small amounts of fungicides was observed.

Ultrastructural Localization of Cellulase in Diplodia Maydis and in D. Maydis-Infected Com Stalk Tissue

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Judith A. Murphy ◽  
Mary R. Thompson ◽  
A.J. Pappelis
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Cupric Oxide ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Ultrastructural Localization ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
X Ray

BeMiller et.al.(l) found that D. maydis did not have the solubilizing enzyme C1. They reported that D- maydis exhibited cellulolytic activity constitutively, and hypothesized that the cellulolytic enzymes were attached to fungal hyphal surfaces because they found cellulase released to the culture medium only after the growth period, when available cellulose had been used up.The purpose of this study was to determine the location of cellulolytic enzymes (EC 3.2.1.4; beta-1,4-glucan glucanohydrolase) in D. maydis and D. maydis-infected corn tissue at the ultrastructural level.Cellulase activity produces glucose as an end product which will reduce cupric oxide and can be visualized with an EM because it is electron dense and the Cu component can be verified with x-ray analysis(Figs.l,2). After thorough washing, samples fixed in aldehydes are incubated in a substrate mixture at a low pH. The enzyme is activated and reducing sugar is released. The sample is then reacted with Benedict's solution at a high temperature, allowing CuO crystals to be deposited at the site of reaction.

THE GROWTH AND MINERAL CONTENT OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO AS INFLUENCED BY REACTION OF NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS WITH IONIC FORMS OF NITROGEN

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. McEvoy
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Major Nutrient ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Ionic Forms

Studies with flue-cured tobacco in sand culture showed that the optimum reaction of the culture medium varied with the ionic forms of nitrogen supplied. Nitrate nitrogen was assimilated most efficiently at pH 5. When both nitrate and ammonium nitrogen were supplied, pH 8 was optimum. Ammonium nitrogen was assimilated by the plant as readily as nitrate when the reaction of the culture medium was favourable.The accumulation of all the major nutrient elements in the leaf tissue was influenced by the reaction of the culture medium. The ash content of the leaves was highest over the range of pH values 4 to 6, inclusive.

scholarly journals In vitro growth and leaf anatomy of Cattleya walkeriana (Gardner, 1839) grown in natural ventilation system

Revista CERES ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Bortolotti da Silva ◽  
Poliana Patrícia Lima ◽  
Livia Emanuelle Simao de Oliveira ◽  
Andre Luis Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Conventional Ventilation ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Leaf Mesophyll

Natural ventilation system facilitates gaseous exchanges in in vitro plants promoting changes in the leaf tissue, which can be evaluated through the leaf anatomy, and it allows a cultivation closer to the photoautrophic micropropagation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on in vitro growth and on the leaf anatomy of Cattleya walkeriana grown in natural and conventional ventilation system with different concentrations of sucrose (0; 15; 30 and 45 L-1) combined with different cultivation systems (conventional micropropagation and natural ventilation system). The culture medium was composed of MS salts, solidified with 7 g L-1 of agar and pH adjusted to 5.8. Forty milliliters of culture medium were distributed in 250 mL flasks, autoclaved at 120 ºC for 20 minutes. The greater plant growth, as well as the greater thickness of the mesophyll was observed with the use of 20 g L-1 sucrose in natural ventilation system. Plants grown in natural ventilation system showed a thicker leaf mesophyll, which is directly related to photoautotrophic crops. The natural ventilation system induced more elliptical stomata and probably more functional formats.

scholarly journals To study the safety of topical anesthetic eye drops among different patients for month after opening

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Mehr-un-Nisa Abid ◽  
Dr. Irfan Qayyum Malik ◽  
Dr. Irfan Qayyum Malik ◽  
Dr. Muhammad Wasif Irshad
Keyword(s):  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Main Ingredient ◽  
Topical Anesthetic ◽  
Department Of Ophthalmology ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
Organism Growth ◽  
Growth Of Fungi

AbstractPurpose: To find out if we can use topical anesthetic eye drops among different patients for one month after opening the bottle without any risk of causing corneal or conjunctival infections and endophthalmitis.Study Design: Experimental studyPlace and duration of study: Department of Ophthalmology DHQ Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala from 22nd May 2018 to 22nd June 2018.Materials and Methods: This was an experimental study in which topical anesthetic eye drops containing proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% were tested daily to see if any bacterial/fungal growth occurs in the bottle containing eye drops or not. Same bottle was used in patients presenting in outdoor and indoor departments. Samples taken from the bottle contents were cultured on different media to see growth of fungi or bacteria if any.Results: After 1 month of daily culturing on agar plates, no micro-organism growth was seen.Conclusion: Topical anesthetic eye drops containing proparacaine hydrochloride as the main ingredient and benzalkonium chloride as the preservative (Alcaine®) can be used safely for 1 month after opening in different patients without any risk of causing infectious keratitis, conjunctivitis or endophthalmitis.Keywords: Topical anesthetic, Culture medium, Risk factor, Endophthalmitis

Production of Cellulolytic Enzymes by Anaerobic Fungi Cultivated in Different Conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Eugênia Castro Bravo-Martins ◽  
Raúl Jorge Hernán Castro-Gómez ◽  
Boutros F Sarrouh ◽  
Silvio Silvério da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Anaerobic Fungi ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Essential Nutrients

The present paper studies the influence of different nutrients for the production of two cellulolytic enzymes: endo beta-1.4 glucanase and exo beta- 1.4 glucanase by anaerobic fungi taken from cow rumen, that were fed a diet of corn silage and Brachiaria decumbens grass hay. During the enzymatic degradation assays, it was observed that the addition of some essential nutrients in the formulation of the culture medium contributed positively in the cellulolytic enzyme production, with exception of riboflavin. Such results contributed in the establishment of an effective method for the evaluation of enzymatic activities in anaerobic fibrolytic fungi. In this work, nutrients added to enrich the culture medium have successfully proven that they can be used as inoculating agents (inductors) in diets rich in ensilage with law nutritive value.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC SUBSTRATE BASED ON PEAT AND STRAW FOR THE CULTIVATION OF MUSHROOMS PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS

2019 ◽  
pp. 225-230
Author(s):  
Vadim Vyacheslavovich Leonov ◽  
Svetlana Pavlovna Prontisheva ◽  
Ivan Aleksandrovich Bulatov ◽  
Lyubov' Vyacheslavovna Leonova ◽  
Maksim Viktorovich Efanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Lignocellulosic Substrate ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
Oyster Mushrooms ◽  
Growth Of Fungi

The aim of the study was to optimize the composition of lignocellulosic substrate based on peat and straw for growing fungi Pleurotus ostreatus. To achieve this goal, the following main tasks were set: analysis of the initial plant raw materials of peat and straw; study of the effect of an aqueous extract of peat on the growth of fungi Pleurotus ostreatus; study of the effect of the component composition of the substrate on the cultivation of oyster mushrooms. Investigated the influence of the following relations medium : an aqueous extract of peat– 1 : 1; 1 : 2; 1 : 3; 1 : 4 and 1 : 10. The growth of fungi Pleurotus ostreatus was controlled by reducing the concentration of glucose and increasing the concentration of total protein in the culture medium. The kinetic characteristics of the growth of fungi Pleurotus ostreatus are determined from changes in the mass fractions of lignin, cellulose, easily and hardly hydrolyzed polysaccharides in substrates depending on the duration of cultivation of oyster mushrooms. It is shown that the lignocarbon straw complex is more available for biodegradation than the lignocarbon peat complex. It was found that the addition of peat to the substrate together with straw creates optimal conditions for the growth of fungi Pleurotus ostreatus. To optimize the production of Pleurotus ostreatus, it is advisable to recommend a combined substrate with the following ratios of peat to breakage – 30 : 70% or 40 : 60%, respectively.

Ultrastructure of Plant Leaf Tissue Infected with Mite-Borne Viral-Like Pathogens

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 178-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. E. Bradfute ◽  
R. E. Whitmoyer ◽  
L. R. Nault
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Microscope Study ◽  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Leaf Ultrastructure ◽  
Double Membrane ◽  
Aceria Tulipae

A pathogen transmitted by the eriophyid mite, Aceria tulipae, infects a number of Gramineae producing symptoms similar to wheat spot mosaic virus (1). An electron microscope study of leaf ultrastructure from systemically infected Zea mays, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum showed the presence of ovoid, double membrane bodies (0.1 - 0.2 microns) in the cytoplasm of parenchyma, phloem and epidermis cells (Fig. 1 ).

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