scholarly journals Changes in hardwood sawtimber growth, mortality, and removals in the eastern United States

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-76
Author(s):  
William G. Luppold ◽  
Matthew S. Bumgardner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Species Groups

An examination of changes in growth, mortality, and removals of hardwood sawtimber in the eastern United States within the first two decades of the 21st century found large variations among regions and species groups. Changes in growth ranged from a 17% increase in the Lake States region to a statistically insignificant 1% in the Southern region. Most regions had relatively large increases in mortality. High levels of ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality in the Northeast, Lake States, and Central regions likely were a result of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). Hardwood sawtimber removals declined in all regions except the Lake States and Central regions, with the largest relative declines occurring in the Southern and Mid-Atlantic regions. With the exception of ash, there were no indications of immediate declines in eastern sawtimber volume. However, continual increases in mortality, a resurgence of removals, and reduced growth could cause sawtimber volume to plateau in the coming decades. The findings from this study indicated that there likely would be variations in these plateaus among the species groups and regions.

scholarly journals The world species of Balcha Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae), parasitoids of wood-boring beetles

Zootaxa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 1033 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GARY A.P. GIBSON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
World Species ◽  
The World ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Wood Boring ◽  
Accidental Introduction

The world species of Balcha Walker (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) are revised, keyed and illustrated. Sixteen species are recognized, including two that are newly classified in the genus, B. reticulata(Nikol’skaya) n. comb. and B. splendida (Girault) n. comb., and eight that are described as new, B. camptogastra n. sp., B. dictyota n. sp., B. enoptra n. sp., B. eximiassita n. sp., B. laciniosa n. sp., B. punctiscutum n. sp., B. reburra n. sp., and B. reticulifrons n. sp. Evidence for the monophyly of Balcha is discussed and the 16 species are segregated into four species groups based on morphological features. Balcha indica (Mani & Kaul) is newly recorded from the eastern United States (Maryland, Michigan, Virginia) as an accidental introduction from the Oriental region and as an adventitious parasitoid of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).

Regional assessment of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, impacts in forests of the Eastern United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall S. Morin ◽  
Andrew M. Liebhold ◽  
Scott A. Pugh ◽  
Susan J. Crocker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Regional Assessment

scholarly journals Short-Term Forecasts of Insect Phenology Inform Pest Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa M Crimmins ◽  
Katharine L Gerst ◽  
Diego G Huerta ◽  
R Lee Marsh ◽  
Erin E Posthumus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Short Term

Abstract Insect pests cost billions of dollars per year globally, negatively impacting food crops and infrastructure, and contributing to the spread of disease. Timely information regarding developmental stages of pests can facilitate early detection and control, increasing efficiency and effectiveness. In 2018, the U.S. National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) released a suite of ‘Pheno Forecast’ map products relevant to science and management. The Pheno Forecasts include real-time maps and short-term forecasts of insect pest activity at management-relevant spatial and temporal resolutions and are based on accumulated temperature thresholds associated with critical life-cycle stages of economically important pests. Pheno Forecasts indicate, for a specified day, the status of the insect’s target life-cycle stage in real time across the contiguous United States. The maps are available for 12 pest species including the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire [Coleoptera: Buprestidae]), hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), and gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus [Lepidoptera: Erebidae]). Preliminary validation based on in-situ observations for hemlock woolly adelgid egg and nymph stages in 2018 indicated the maps to be ≥93% accurate depending on phenophase. Since their release in early 2018, these maps have been adopted by tree care specialists and foresters across the United States. Using a consultative mode of engagement, USA-NPN staff have continuously sought input and critique of the maps and delivery from end users. Based on feedback received, maps have been expanded and modified to include additional species, improved descriptions of the phenophase event of interest, and e-mail-based notifications to support management decisions.

Public transport of firewood across the Mackinac Bridge in Michigan, United States of America: origin, destination, woody taxa, and reasons for transporting firewood

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Robert A. Haack ◽  
Toby R. Petrice
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Plant Pests ◽  
American States ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Abstract Transporting firewood can spread plant pests such as the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), which was discovered in Lower Michigan, United States of America in 2002. In 2005, Michigan banned the transport of hardwood firewood northwards across the Mackinac Bridge, which connects Lower and Upper Michigan. In 2005–2011, 479 drivers of 11 commercial vehicles and 468 private vehicles were interviewed. Firewood was collected in every month of the year, with most firewood collected in June–September. Of the 468 private vehicles surveyed, 400 carried firewood originating from Michigan, 64 carried it from 19 other American states, and four carried it from three Canadian provinces. Most vehicles (93%) were bound for Upper Michigan, 4% were bound for eight other American states, and 3% were bound for four Canadian provinces. Drivers transported 1–275 pieces of firewood, with 33% of drivers having 1–10 pieces and 87% having up to 50 pieces. Surrendered firewood represented 19 tree genera – 18 hardwood genera and one conifer. Of 59 vehicles carrying ash (Fraxinus) firewood, 15 had firewood with A. planipennis signs. Firewood was transported mainly for camping (76%), for weight (15%), and to be used at cottages (5%).

Phenology of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Its Introduced Larval Parasitoids in the Northeastern United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 622-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I Jones ◽  
Juli R Gould ◽  
Hope J Mahon ◽  
Melissa K Fierke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Larval Parasitoids

Abstract Biological control offers a long-term and sustainable option for controlling the destructive forest pest emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, in North America. Three larval parasitoids, Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Eulophidae), and Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazanac, have been introduced to North America from the native range of EAB (northeastern Asia). While T. planipennisi appears to be persisting where it has been introduced in northern United States, S. agrili failed to establish in northeastern states. The more recently identified parasitoid S. galinae was recovered from the Russian Far East and climate matching suggests it should be suited for release in colder climates. We collected data on the phenology of EAB and its introduced larval parasitoids from colonies established in an insectary, growth chambers, and field-caged trees in Syracuse, New York to determine whether asynchrony between parasitoids and EAB or climate could impact establishment and persistence. Phenological data indicated EAB has one and 2-yr life cycles in New York, with parasitoid-susceptible EAB larvae available spring to fall for parasitism. Insectary and growth chamber studies indicated S. galinae and T. planipennisi were synchronous with EAB phenology, and field studies suggested both species could overwinter in northeastern climates. Spathius agrili was asynchronous with EAB phenology and climate, emerging when fewer parasitoid-susceptible EAB larvae were available and temperatures were not optimal for survival. Our results suggest S. galinae and T. planipennisi are suited for biological control of EAB at the northern limits of its range in North America.

Can Clearcutting Reset Successional Trajectories in Upland Oak–Hickory Forests? A Case Study from Mid-Missouri

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-442
Author(s):  
Benjamin O Knapp ◽  
Samantha E Anderson ◽  
Patrick J Curtin ◽  
Casey Ghilardi ◽  
Robert G Rives
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Oak Regeneration ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Successional Trajectory ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Management Challenge

Abstract Securing oak regeneration is a common management challenge in the central and eastern United States. We quantified the abundance of tree species groups in clearcuts in mid-Missouri more than 30 years following harvest to determine differences in species dominance based on aspect (exposed, protected, or ridge sites). Each tree was classified as “dominant” or “suppressed” based on its relative contribution to cumulative stand stocking, following concepts of the tree–area relation. Although maples or understory species were the most abundant across all sites, oaks and hickories contributed to more than 60 percent of the dominant stems on the exposed sites. In contrast, oaks and hickories made up less than 25 percent of the dominant stems on protected and ridge sites. Results indicate that clearcutting reset the successional trajectory, from a transition to maple dominance to maintaining oak–hickory dominance, on exposed sites but not on ridge or protected sites.

scholarly journals Fungi from Galleries of the Emerald Ash Borer Produce Cankers in Ash Trees

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1509
Author(s):  
Nickolas N. Rajtar ◽  
Benjamin W. Held ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Agar Plug ◽  
Ash Trees

The emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) is a devastating invasive pest that has killed millions of ash trees in the United States and Canada. EAB was discovered in the US in 2002 and first reported in Minnesota in 2009. It attacks ash trees that are native to the United States, including Fraxinus americana (white ash), F. nigra (black ash) and F. pennsylvanica (green ash). It also attacks Chionanthus virginicus (white fringe tree). Seven species of fungi isolated and identified only from EAB-infested trees in a previous study as having the potential to cause cankers were used to test their pathogenicity in F. americana (white ash). The fungi used were Cytospora pruinosa, Diplodia mutila, Diplodia seriata, Paraconiothyrium brasiliense, Phaeoacremonium minimum, Phaeoacremonium scolyti, and Thyronectria aurigera. Two field experiments that used F. americana used two inoculation methods: woodchip and agar plug inoculations. Results indicated that all of the fungi tested caused cankers in varying amounts, as compared to the controls. The largest cankers were caused by D. mutila (270 mm2), C. pruinosa (169 mm2), and D. seriata (69 mm2). All fungi except for T. aurigera were re-isolated and sequenced to confirm Kochs’ postulates. Canker-causing fungi found in association with EAB galleries have the potential to contribute to tree dieback and mortality.

Mortality of overwintering emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) associated with an extreme cold event in New York, United States of America

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Jones ◽  
Juli R. Gould ◽  
Melissa K. Fierke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Cold Event ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Overwintering Mortality

AbstractSevere mortality (93%) of overwintering larvae of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), was recorded in March 2016 from green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall (Oleaceae), in Syracuse, New York, United States of America. In contrast, larvae collected from the same area in January exhibited <1% mortality. A strong cold front moved across New York from 13 to 15 February 2016 with temperatures plunging to nearly −40 °C in some areas. In many regions of New York where A. planipennis is established, temperatures dropped well below the reported supercooling point of overwintering larvae. To evaluate whether the extreme cold was linked to extensive mortality of larvae, trees were sampled from four areas that experienced a gradient of minimum temperatures on 14 February 2016. Overwintering mortality varied from ⩽5% to 93% among regions, with lowest survival in the coldest regions. When excised from their galleries, dead larvae were discoloured with brown spots or had black necrotic tissue in the spiracles or foregut. This is the first report of extensive cold-related mortality for this species in North America and highlights the stochastic nature of climatic extremes on invasive species populations.

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