scholarly journals FREGE’S ĮNAŠAS Į REIKŠMĖS SAMPRATĄ

Problemos ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Japertas
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Declarative Sentence ◽  
Truth Values ◽  
Theory Of Meaning ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Sense And Reference ◽  
Language Meaning

Straipsnyje dėstoma, komentuojama ir interpretuojama Gottlobo Frege’s reikšmės teorija, kurios pagrindą sudaro reikalavimas kiekvieno kalbos ženklo semantikoje skirti prasmės (Sinn) ir referencijos (Bedeutung) lygmenis. Atskleidþiamos loginės lingvistinės priežastys, nulėmusios Frege’s sprendimą laikytis diferencinės reikšmės sampratos, taip pat remiantis „prasmės“ ir „referencijos“ terminologiniu instrumentarijumi parodoma, kuo skiriasi, o kita vertus, kuo panašūs Frege’s įtvirtinti požiūriai į tikrinio vardo ir į teigiamojo (asertorinio) sakinio reikšmes. Vadovaujantis prielaida, kad žodžio ar posakio reikšmės sudedamąja dalimi gali būti tik tie veiksniai, kurie yra būtini kompetentingam kalbos supratimui, Frege’s išskirti semantiniai aspektai straipsnyje įvertinami ir šiuo atžvilgiu. Daroma išvada, kad tikrasis semantinis terminas yra „prasmė“, o referencijos lygmens esybės (objektai, teisingumo vertės) nėra nekeliančios abejonių reikšmės sudedamosios dalys, todėl referencijos aspekto statusas Frege’s tipo reikšmės teorijoje tampa neaiškus.Reikšminiai žodžiai: Frege, kalba, reikšmė, prasmė, referencija FREGE’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE NOTION OF MEANINGMindaugas Japertas SummaryThe article aims at exposition, commenting and interpreting Frege’s theory of meaning, based on the requirement to distinguish, in the meaning of a sign, the level of sense (Sinn) and the correlative level of reference (Bedeutung). The author directs attention to some logico-linguistic reasons which seem to have urged Frege to advocate the differential conception of meaning. In accordance with Frege’s decision to use the theoretical notions of sense and reference, the relevant semantic features of a proper name as well as of a declarative sentence are explored. Since only something which constitutes what someone who understands the word or expression implicitly grasps can be counted as a possible ingredient in meaning, the claim is made that entities on the level of reference (objects, truth-values) are not undeniable ingredients of meaning. Sense therefore is left in the role of a genuine semantic concept.Keywords: Frege, language, meaning, sense, reference.

The Structure of Truth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Logical Form ◽  
Historical Document ◽  
Truth Theory ◽  
Ontological Commitments ◽  
Theory Of Meaning ◽  
First Time

Donald Davidson’s 1970 Locke Lectures appear in print for the first time in this volume, accompanied by an introduction highlighting their significance as a snapshot of his evolving views in the philosophy of language and describing their relationship to the work he published during his lifetime. The lectures comprise an invaluable historical document that illuminates how Davidson was thinking about the theory of meaning, the role of a truth theory therein, the ontological commitments of a truth theory, the notion of logical form, and so on, at a pivotal moment in the development of his thought. Unlike Davidson’s previously published work, they are written so as to be presented to an audience as a fully organized and coherent exposition of his program in the philosophy of language. Had these lectures been widely available in the years following 1970, the reception of Davidson’s work, especially in the philosophy of language, might have been very different. Given the systematic nature of the presentation of Davidson’s semantic program in these lectures, it is hoped that they will be of use to those encountering his thought for the first time.

Deep Structured Learning for Natural Language Processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yong Li ◽  
Xiaojun Yang ◽  
Min Zuo ◽  
Qingyu Jin ◽  
Haisheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Conditional Random Field ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Related Sequence ◽  
The Public ◽  
Network Public Opinion

The real-time and dissemination characteristics of network information make net-mediated public opinion become more and more important food safety early warning resources, but the data of petabyte (PB) scale growth also bring great difficulties to the research and judgment of network public opinion, especially how to extract the event role of network public opinion from these data and analyze the sentiment tendency of public opinion comment. First, this article takes the public opinion of food safety network as the research point, and a BLSTM-CRF model for automatically marking the role of event is proposed by combining BLSTM and conditional random field organically. Second, the Attention mechanism based on vocabulary in the field of food safety is introduced, the distance-related sequence semantic features are extracted by BLSTM, and the emotional classification of sequence semantic features is realized by using CNN. A kind of Att-BLSTM-CNN model for the analysis of public opinion and emotional tendency in the field of food safety is proposed. Finally, based on the time series, this article combines the role extraction of food safety events and the analysis of emotional tendency and constructs a net-mediated public opinion early warning model in the field of food safety according to the heat of the event and the emotional intensity of the public to food safety public opinion events.

scholarly journals The Female and Male World in Croatian Proverbs

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-363
Author(s):  
Goranka Blagus Bartolec ◽  
Ivana Matas Ivanković
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Social Community ◽  
Female Relationships ◽  
Literary Forms ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Human And Nature ◽  
Physical Features

Proverbs as concise textual structures are primarily defined as oral (folk) literary forms in which universal thoughts are expressed on the basis of individual experiences understandable to speakers of the language, i.e., of the social community in which they originated. In relation to, for example, idioms, the use of proverbs in today’s public discourse is much rarer, and proverbs in Croatian are most often recorded in printed form, while online edited lexicographic sources of proverbs are rare. Folk customs, human character and physical features, social and religious values, the relation of human and nature are the most common motives in proverbs. Male-female relationships are also the subject of numerous proverbs. Given the past times when they were created, they can be considered the source of a stereotypical image of the status of women and men in society that exists in human consciousness. Based on proverbs with the component woman, grandmother, mother, daughter, sister, girlfriend, widow, father, son, husband…, this paper will analyze proverbs with the topic of male-female relations, e.g. Ljubav daj ženi, ali tajnu odaj samo majci i sestri. (Give your love to your wife, but reveal the secret only to your mother and sister.), or proverbs referring to an individual feature attributed to a man or a woman, e.g., Kakvo drvo, takav klin, kakav otac takav sin. (Like tree, like wedge; like father, like son.)., Ženi sina kad hoćeš, a kćer kad možeš. (Marry a son when you want and a daughter when you can.). The analysis includes the following: 1. representation of proverbs in other lexicographic (printed and online sources), 2. representation of such proverbs in contemporary public discourse, 3. structural and semantic features of proverbs motivated by male-female relationships. In conclusion, the role of proverbs on the topic of male and female in the contemporary context is discussed – what is their perspective and whether the corpus has replaced traditional recorders and word of mouth today.

On the role of person in the mapping of syntactic features onto their interpretable counterparts

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-672
Author(s):  
Ivona Kučerová
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Person Features ◽  
The Subject

AbstractPerson features play a role in narrow-syntax processes. However, a person feature is often characterized as [±participant], a characterization that suggests pragmatic or semantic features. Relatedly, person has been the subject of an ongoing debate in the literature: one family of approaches argues that 3rd person is an elsewhere case, while another argues that it is a valued interpretable feature. This article provides a programatic argument that this disagreement has a principled basis. I argue that the representation of the features we identify as person changes between narrow syntax and the syntax-semantics interface. The tests and empirical descriptions are incongruent because they target different modules of the grammar and in turn different grammatical objects. The article thus contributes to our understanding of the division of labour among the modules, with a special focus on the autonomous status of narrow syntax.

Frege's Contribution to Philosophy of Language

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Heck ◽  
Robert May
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Essential Ingredient ◽  
Truth Values ◽  
Sense And Reference

Gottlob Frege's contributions to philosophy of language are so numerous and so fundamental that it is difficult to imagine the field without them. This article discusses Frege's apparently metaphysical doctrine that concepts are ‘unsaturated’. It argues that it is primarily a semantic thesis, an essential ingredient of Frege's conception of compositionality. It next discusses Frege's conception of truth. It argues that his seemingly puzzling doctrine that sentences denote objects, namely, truth-values, emerges from considerations about the logic of sentential connectives and the semantics of predicates and embodies an understanding of why, as Frege sees it, logic is so intimately concerned with the notion of truth. The article then turns to Frege's notion of a thought and, more generally, the distinction between sense and reference.

scholarly journals SUSZKO’S PROBLEM: MIXED CONSEQUENCE AND COMPOSITIONALITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 736-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMMANUEL CHEMLA ◽  
PAUL ÉGRÉ
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
General Representation ◽  
Representation Theorems ◽  
Consequence Relation ◽  
Truth Values ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
Semantic Properties

AbstractSuszko’s problem is the problem of finding the minimal number of truth values needed to semantically characterize a syntactic consequence relation. Suszko proved that every Tarskian consequence relation can be characterized using only two truth values. Malinowski showed that this number can equal three if some of Tarski’s structural constraints are relaxed. By so doing, Malinowski introduced a case of so-called mixed consequence, allowing the notion of a designated value to vary between the premises and the conclusions of an argument. In this article we give a more systematic perspective on Suszko’s problem and on mixed consequence. First, we prove general representation theorems relating structural properties of a consequence relation to their semantic interpretation, uncovering the semantic counterpart of substitution-invariance, and establishing that (intersective) mixed consequence is fundamentally the semantic counterpart of the structural property of monotonicity. We use those theorems to derive maximum-rank results proved recently in a different setting by French and Ripley, as well as by Blasio, Marcos, and Wansing, for logics with various structural properties (reflexivity, transitivity, none, or both). We strengthen these results into exact rank results for nonpermeable logics (roughly, those which distinguish the role of premises and conclusions). We discuss the underlying notion of rank, and the associated reduction proposed independently by Scott and Suszko. As emphasized by Suszko, that reduction fails to preserve compositionality in general, meaning that the resulting semantics is no longer truth-functional. We propose a modification of that notion of reduction, allowing us to prove that over compact logics with what we call regular connectives, rank results are maintained even if we request the preservation of truth-functionality and additional semantic properties.

An experimental investigation of the role of different types of iconic gesture in communication

Gesture ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Beattie ◽  
Heather Shovelton
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Accuracy Score ◽  
Iconic Gesture ◽  
Reliable Effect ◽  
Fundamental Conception ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Original Story ◽  
The Relationship

Respondents, who had either seen or not seen a sample of the iconic gestures that encoders produce when narrating a story, answered questions about the original story and it was found that the overall accuracy score for respondents who saw the iconic gestures in addition to hearing the speech was 56.8% compared to 48.6% for speech only. This was a highly reliable effect and suggests that iconic gestures are indeed communicative. Character viewpoint gestures were also significantly more communicative than observer viewpoint gestures particularly about the semantic feature relative position, but the observer viewpoint gestures were effective at communicating information, particularly about the semantic features speed and shape. There were no significant correlations between the amount of information that gestures added to speech and the amount they conveyed in its absence, which suggests that the relationship between speech and gesture is not fixed but variable. The implications of this research for our fundamental conception of iconic gestures are considered.

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