Diamond Abrasive Treatment: How to Overcome Established Myths

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.I. Lavrinenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cubic Boron Nitride ◽  
Superhard Materials ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Abrasive Tools ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Production Conditions ◽  
Diamond Abrasive

The book describes the myths and misconceptions that have developed over the past fifty years in studies of diamond abrasive processes using the hardest materials (diamonds and cubic boron nitride). Ways to overcome these myths are shown. This will help to build a more realistic theoretical basis for the further development of new processes using tools made of superhard materials. Modern ideas about the procces of treatment with abrasive tools from superhard materials, features of their effective application on the example of developments of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are covered. The book is intended for schoolchildren, students, engineers and technicians who are interested in the effective use of superhard abrasives for treatment of various materials in everyday life and production conditions.

scholarly journals Taiwan Vulnerability Analysis: A Comparative Study with Japan, China, U.S.A., U.K., France, and the Netherlands

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Shou Su
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

<p>Taiwan has performed well economically during the past four decades. However, economic development can be profoundly hampered by natural disasters. Sustainable economic development requires environmental resilience. With 23 million people occupying only 13,974 square miles of land, Taiwan is both densely populated and highly exposed to natural disasters: 73.1% of the total population lives in vulnerable areas, and Taiwan is ranked as the country most exposed to multiple hazards (The World Bank, 2005). Storms and floods damage Taiwan frequently, with an average of six typhoons hitting Taiwan annually for the past four decades. Taiwan had the highest occurrence and highest death toll on the natural disaster density indicator (NDDI) in comparison with China, Japan, U.S.A, U.K., France, and the Netherlands from 1985 to 2014. Also, Taiwan’s economic losses during the past thirty years are estimated at $650, 000 per km². This is approximately 5 times that of the Netherlands’ $134,362 and the U.K.’s $135,292, 8 times that of the U.S.A.’s $78,186 losses, and 9 times that of France’s $70,599. Research finds that every dollar invested into disaster preparedness would save $4 to $7 dollars in post-disaster damages (Multihazard Mitigation Council, 2005; The National Academy of Sciences, 2012). Hence, promoting urban resilience policies for disaster risk reduction should become a priority in Taiwan and other Asian nations in the future. Most important is the need of a strong political commitment and leadership to initiate and implement spatial policies toward resilience.</p>

Materials Education—A Renewal

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.L. Liedl
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Central Position ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
The Past ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Materials have always been interwoven throughout the very fabric of man's history. The present reawakening to the value and importance of materials, however, has become a dominant factor in manufacturing, national security, international competition and trade, consumer products (quality and reliability), and even education. Other renewals of interest have occurred over the centuries, probably beginning with the formation of the first pot from clay. These renewals were associated with discoveries such as copper, iron, and the transistor. However, in the past 40 years the base for renewed interest has broadened.A true coupling of science and engineering into the field of materials was probably initiated in the 1940s and 1950s. Emphasis at that time was on metals and the “new” semiconductors, with an interest that incubated and grew to where their central position in national economies and man's daily life was recognized. In 1970 the National Academy of Sciences appointed a committee to conduct a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the field of “materials science and engineering.” The COSMAT report which resulted from that study had a dramatic impact on the field and has been a frame of reference for the past 17 years. These years have seen a virtual explosion of ideas, processes, and materials in the field.

Prevention of Chemotherapy Medication Errors

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight D. Kloth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medication Errors ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Cancer Centers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Prevention of medication errors has long been a concern of pharmacists in all practice settings, including specialty treatment and research centers. Oncology pharmacists have always been particularly aware of this concern because many of the cytotoxic drug therapy regimens we use are already at the maximum tolerated doses, thus leaving no margin for error. During the past 10 years, catastrophic chemotherapy medication errors have occurred in some of the finest hospitals and cancer centers in the United States, bringing unprecedented public and governmental awareness of the risk of such errors. In addition, the March 2000 report by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System, has prompted legislative and executive branch reaction at the federal level aimed toward reducing medical errors of all types, including medication errors. The purpose of this article is to review the types and causes of catastrophic chemotherapy medication errors that have occurred in oncology and to discuss tools and methods aimed at improving the safety of medication use, particularly chemotherapy, in the United States.

scholarly journals Solar system bodies ‘Observations in the Past’ with the plate archive of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (14) ◽  
pp. 615-615
Author(s):  
Tetyana P. Sergeeva ◽  
Aleksandre V. Sergeev
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Ukrainian National Academy ◽  
Astronomical Observatory ◽  
Dynamical Models ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Solar System Bodies ◽  
Space Astrometry ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The improvement of the dynamical models of solar system bodies’ motions will be very useful for the future space astrometry mission Gaia for a fast identification of objects, to discriminate between the well-known objects and the new ones. ‘Observations in the Past’ with plate archives allow realising it.

scholarly journals The encyclopedia publishing in the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: history and present

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 6-18
Author(s):  
Mykola Zhelezniak
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Further Development

The study describes the academic encyclopedias of Ukraine. The main attention is paid to the peculiarities of the development of the encyclopedia publishing at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: its origins and the most important academic encyclopedias are outlined. The spectrum of encyclopedic projects is analyzed by the scientific branches and the conclusion is drawn about the significant advantage of social sciences and humanities over others in the contex of presenting knowledge in encyclopedic format. Some vision of further development of the encyclopedia publishing in Academy is proposed.

scholarly journals Comparing the Citation Performance of PNAS Papers by Submission Track

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M Davis
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Editorial Policies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Purpose: To determine whether papers contributed by National Academy of Sciences (NAS) members perform differently than direct submissions. Data/Methods: 55,889 original papers published in PNAS from 1997 through 2014. Regression analysis measuring total citations, controlling for editorial track (Contributed, Direct, Communicated), date of publication, and paper topic. Main findings: Contributed papers consistently underperformed against Direct submissions, receiving 9% fewer citations, ceteris paribus. The effect was greatest for Social Sciences papers (12% fewer citations). Nonetheless, the main effect has attenuated over the past decade, from 13.6% fewer citations in 2005 to just 2.2% fewer citations in 2014. Significance: Successive editorial policies placing limits, restrictions, and other qualifications on the publication privileges of NAS members may be responsible for the submission of better performing Contributed papers.

Perceived Burden of Informal Caregivers of a Chronically Ill Older Family Member

GeroPsych ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmar Gräßel ◽  
Raffaela Adabbo
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Informal Caregiver ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Stress Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Perceived Burden ◽  
Hypothetical Construct ◽  
Care Situation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

The burden of caregivers has been intensively researched for the past 30 years and has resulted in a multitude of individual findings. This review illustrates the significance of the hypothetical construct of perceived burden for the further development and design of the homecare situation. Following explanations regarding the term informal caregiver, we derive the construct burden from its conceptual association with the transactional stress model of Lazarus and Folkman. Once the extent and characteristics of burden have been set forth, we then present the impact of perceived burden as the care situation. The question of predictors of burden will lead into the last section from which implications can be derived for homecare and relief of caregivers.

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