Adolescent Health and Adult Education and Employment: A Systematic Review

Background: Socioeconomic and demographic statuses are associated with adherence to the treatment of patients with several chronic diseases. However, there is a controversy regarding their impact on adherence among HIV/AIDS patients. Thus, we performed a systematic review of the evidence regarding the association of socioeconomic and demographic statuses with adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: The PubMed database was used to search and identify studies concerning about socioeconomic and demographic statuses and HIV/AIDS patients. Data were collected on the association between adherence to ART and varies determinants factors of socioeconomic (income, education, and employment/occupation) and socio-demographic (sex and age). Findings: From 393 potentially-relevant articles initially identified, 35 original studies were reviewed in detail, which contained data that were helpful in evaluating the association between socioeconomic/ demographic statuses and adherence to ART among HIV patients. Two original research study has specifically focused on the possible association between socioeconomic status and adherence to ART. Income, level of education, and employment/occupational status were significantly and positively associated with the level of adherence in 7 studies (36.8%), 7 studies (28.0%), and 4 studies (23.5%) respectively out of 19, 25, and 17 studies reviewed. Sex (being male), and age (per year increasing) were significantly and positively associated with the level of adherence in 5 studies (14.3%), and 9 studies (25.7%) respectively out of 35 studies reviewed. However, the determinant of socioeconomic and demographic statuses was not found to be significantly associated with adherence in studies related to income 9(47.4%), education 17(68.0%), employment/ occupational 10(58.8%), sex 27(77.1%), and age 25(71.4%). Conclusion: The majority of the reviewed studies reported that there is no association between socio- demographic and economic variables and adherence to therapy. Whereas, some studies show that age of HIV patients (per year increasing) and sex (being male) were positively associated with adherence to ART. Among socio-economic factors, the available evidence does not provide conclusive support for the existence of a clear association with adherence to ART among HIV patients. There seems to be a positive trend between socioeconomic factors and adherence to ART in some of the reviewed studies.

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Depressive Symptom Trajectories and Early Adult Education and Employment: Comparing Longitudinal Cohorts in Canada and the United States

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084279 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4279

Author(s):

Anita Minh ◽

Ute Bültmann ◽

Sijmen A. Reijneveld ◽

Sander K. R. van Zon ◽

Christopher B. McLeod

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Depressive Symptom ◽

Adult Education ◽

The United States ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

National Longitudinal Survey ◽

Post Secondary ◽

High School Degree ◽

The Usa ◽

Education And Employment

Adolescent depressive symptoms are risk factors for lower education and unemployment in early adulthood. This study examines how the course of symptoms from ages 16–25 influences early adult education and employment in Canada and the USA. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (n = 2348) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 Child/Young Adult (n = 3961), four trajectories (low-stable; increasing; decreasing; and increasing then decreasing, i.e., mid-peak) were linked to five outcomes (working with a post-secondary degree; a high school degree; no degree; in school; and NEET, i.e., not in employment, education, or training). In both countries, increasing, decreasing, and mid-peak trajectories were associated with higher odds of working with low educational credentials, and/or NEET relative to low-stable trajectories. In Canada, however, all trajectories had a higher predicted probability of either being in school or working with a post-secondary degree than the other outcomes; in the USA, all trajectory groups were most likely to be working with a high school degree. Higher depressive symptom levels at various points between adolescent and adulthood are associated with working with low education and NEET in Canada and the USA, but Canadians are more likely to have better education and employment outcomes.

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The Impact of COVID-19 School Closure on Child and Adolescent Health: A Rapid Systematic Review

Children ◽

10.3390/children8050415 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 415

Author(s):

Sonia Chaabane ◽

Sathyanarayanan Doraiswamy ◽

Karima Chaabna ◽

Ravinder Mamtani ◽

Sohaila Cheema

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Adolescent Health ◽

Children With Disabilities ◽

Child And Adolescent ◽

Emergency Department Visits ◽

School Closure ◽

School Closures ◽

Child And Adolescent Health ◽

The Impact

School closures during pandemics raise important concerns for children and adolescents. Our aim is synthesizing available data on the impact of school closure during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on child and adolescent health globally. We conducted a rapid systematic review by searching PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar for any study published between January and September 2020. We included a total of ten primary studies. COVID-19-related school closure was associated with a significant decline in the number of hospital admissions and pediatric emergency department visits. However, a number of children and adolescents lost access to school-based healthcare services, special services for children with disabilities, and nutrition programs. A greater risk of widening educational disparities due to lack of support and resources for remote learning were also reported among poorer families and children with disabilities. School closure also contributed to increased anxiety and loneliness in young people and child stress, sadness, frustration, indiscipline, and hyperactivity. The longer the duration of school closure and reduction of daily physical activity, the higher was the predicted increase of Body Mass Index and childhood obesity prevalence. There is a need to identify children and adolescents at higher risk of learning and mental health impairments and support them during school closures.

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Impact of child development at primary school entry on adolescent health—protocol for a participatory systematic review

Systematic Reviews ◽

10.1186/s13643-021-01694-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michelle Black ◽

Amy Barnes ◽

Mark Strong ◽

David Taylor-Robinson

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Child Development ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Primary School ◽

Adolescent Health ◽

Health Inequalities ◽

Starting School ◽

Children's Development ◽

The Relationship ◽

Children’S Development

Abstract Background Reducing child health inequalities is a global health priority and evidence suggests that optimal development of knowledge, skills and attributes in early childhood could reduce health risks across the life course. Despite a strong policy rhetoric on giving children the ‘best start in life’, socioeconomic inequalities in children’s development when they start school persist. So too do inequalities in child and adolescent health. These in turn influence health inequalities in adulthood. Understanding how developmental processes affect health in the context of socioeconomic factors as children age could inform a holistic policy approach to health and development from childhood through to adolescence. However, the relationship between child development and early adolescent health consequences is poorly understood. Therefore the aim of this review is to summarise evidence on the associations between child development at primary school starting age (3–7 years) and subsequent health in adolescence (8–15 years) and the factors that mediate or moderate this relationship. Method A participatory systematic review method will be used. The search strategy will include; searches of electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ASSIA and ERIC) from November 1990 onwards, grey literature, reference searches and discussions with stakeholders. Articles will be screened using inclusion and exclusion criteria at title and abstract level, and at full article level. Observational, intervention and review studies reporting a measure of child development at the age of starting school and health outcomes in early adolescence, from a member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, will be included. The primary outcome will be health and wellbeing outcomes (such as weight, mental health, socio-emotional behaviour, dietary habits). Secondary outcomes will include educational outcomes. Studies will be assessed for quality using appropriate tools. A conceptual model, produced with stakeholders at the outset of the study, will act as a framework for extracting and analysing evidence. The model will be refined through analysis of the included literature. Narrative synthesis will be used to generate findings and produce a diagram of the relationship between child development and adolescent health. Discussion The review will elucidate how children’s development at the age of starting school is related to subsequent health outcomes in contexts of socioeconomic inequality. This will inform ways to intervene to improve health and reduce health inequality in adolescents. The findings will generate knowledge of cross-sector relevance for health and education and promote inter-sectoral coherence in addressing health inequalities throughout childhood. Protocol Registration This systematic review protocol has been registered with PROSPERO CRD42020210011.

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Peer-facilitated community-based interventions for adolescent health in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0210468 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. e0210468 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kelly Rose-Clarke ◽

Abigail Bentley ◽

Cicely Marston ◽

Audrey Prost

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Adolescent Health ◽

Community Based Interventions ◽

Community Based ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Low And Middle Income

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How adolescent health influences education and employment: investigating longitudinal associations and mechanisms

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2017-209605 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 (6) ◽

pp. 465-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Daniel R Hale ◽

Russell M Viner

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Substance Use ◽

Social Exclusion ◽

Adolescent Health ◽

Early Adolescence ◽

Employment Outcomes ◽

Health Conditions ◽

Life Chances ◽

Education And Employment

BackgroundEducation is recognised as a strong determinant of health. Yet there is increasing concern that health in adolescence may also influence educational attainments and future life chances. We examined associations between health in early adolescence and subsequent academic and employment outcomes, exploring potential mediators of these relationships to inform intervention strategies.MethodsWe used data from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England. Adolescent health was measured at waves 1 and 2. Outcomes included educational attainment at age 16 years and being NEET (not in education, employment or training) at age 19 years. Associations were adjusted for ethnicity, area-level deprivation and early adolescent academic attainment. Where significant associations were identified, we examined the role of hypothesised mediators including attendance and truancy, classroom behaviour, substance use and psychological distress.ResultsHealth conditions in early adolescence predicted poor subsequent education and employment outcomes (ORs ranged from 1.25 to 1.72) with the exception of long-term chronic conditions and NEET status, which were unassociated. The most consistent mediating variable was social exclusion. School behaviour, truancy and substance use were significant mediators for mental health. Long-term absences mediated associations between mental health and physical health and later outcomes.ConclusionsHealth is a key component of academic and vocational achievement. Investment in health is a way of improving life chances. The identification of key mediators such as social exclusion and truancy indicate areas where screening for health conditions and provision of targeted support could improve educational, employment and health outcomes.

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