RESTRAINT AND SPEECH

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Maarten S. Sibinga ◽  
C. Jack Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Language Delay ◽  
Behavioral Difficulties ◽  
Sensorimotor Function ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Expressive Speech ◽  
Speech Articulation ◽  
History Of

The incidence of delay in language development and difficulties in speech articulation was determined in 71 children selected because of a history of prior physical immobilization. Ten children were referred for psychological evaluation after contact with a speech department, 44 presented with a variety of learning and behavioral difficulties, and 17 children were known through social contacts. Nine children were clearly brain damaged while 13 showed questionable evidence of brain damage. Language delay and speech articulation problems occurred in at least 55% of the children in the various groups. Young age (4.7 months) at the time of the initial restraint experience, but not the duration of the initial restraint experience, was positively related to the presence of language delay and articulation problems. Interference with sensorimotor function not directly involved in receptive or expressive speech functions might well he implicated in language and speech disturbances.

Nonword Repetition and Language Development in 4-Year-Old Children With and Without a History of Early Language Delay

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1481-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna J. Thal ◽  
Scott Miller ◽  
Janna Carlson ◽  
Martha Moreno Vega
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Language Delay ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Normal Language ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: This study examined the usefulness of the Nonword Repetition Test (NRT; C. Dollaghan & T. F. Campbell, 1998) with 4-year-old children and the relationship among the NRT, language, and other aspects of mental processing. Method: The NRT was administered to 64 children at 4 years of age; 44 had a history of typical language development (HTD), and 20 had a history of language delay (HLD) at 16 months of age. Study 1 compared methods of scoring phoneme errors to determine whether the NRT was appropriate for this age group. Study 2 examined whether the NRT differentiated HTD from HLD. Study 3 examined the relations among scores on the NRT and standardized tests of language and mental processing. Results: The NRT was found to be appropriate for 4-year-old children. Although all children had normal language abilities at the time of the study, the NRT (and several aspects of language and mental processing) differentiated between HTD and HLD. Relations among the NRT and other measures of language and mental processing were different from those previously reported, an unexpected finding that is inconsistent with traditional accounts of working memory and its relation to language development. Potential explanations are explored, and some directions for future research are suggested.

scholarly journals The effect of age at time of cochlear implantation on the pragmatic development of the prelingual hearing impaired children

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Sameeh Khodeir ◽  
Dina Fouad El Sayed Moussa ◽  
Rasha Mohammed Shoeib
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Cochlear Implantation ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Language Delay ◽  
Pragmatic Language ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Pragmatic Development ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Hearing Impaired Children

Abstract Background Pragmatics is the social use of language that draws on understanding human interactions in specific contexts and requires engagement with a communicative partner or partners. The hearing-impaired children are known to have a pragmatic language delay as hearing impairment deprived of exposure to natural communication interactions, in addition to the language delay they have. Since the age of implantation has emerged as an important predictor of language, hearing, and speech in children who use cochlear implants (CI), question aroused about the benefits of early cochlear implantation on pragmatic language development in those children. Thus, this study aims to compare the pragmatic language development of the prelingual hearing impaired children who cochlear implanted before the age of 3 years and those who cochlear implanted after the age of 3 years. Results The two study groups showed no significant differences regard their scores in the Egyptian Arabic Pragmatic Language Test (EAPLT). The two studied groups had pragmatic language scores below their 5th percentile. Among the studied groups, the scores of the EAPLT were positively correlated to the age of the children, the children’s language abilities, and the duration of the received language rehabilitation, with no significant correlation to the age of implantation. Conclusions The age of implantation has no impact on pragmatic language development in children with CI. The prelingual children with CI are susceptible to delays in the pragmatic language development that is primarily related to the age of those children and their language abilities, besides their experience in social interactions. These results should be considered in their rehabilitative plan and advocate the importance of early incorporation of pragmatic behaviors into their intervention programs.

scholarly journals Genetic Background of Congenital Erythrocytosis

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1151
Author(s):  
Mary Frances McMullin
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Erythropoietin Receptor ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
High Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Hemoglobin Variants

True erythrocytosis is present when the red cell mass is greater than 125% of predicted sex and body mass, which is reflected by elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit. Erythrocytosis can be primary or secondary and congenital or acquired. Congenital defects are often found in those diagnosed at a young age and with a family history of erythrocytosis. Primary congenital defects mainly include mutations in the Erythropoietin receptor gene but SH2B3 has also been implicated. Secondary congenital erythrocytosis can arise through a variety of genetic mechanisms, including mutations in the genes in the oxygen sensing pathway, with high oxygen affinity hemoglobin variants and mutations in other genes such as BPMG, where ultimately the production of erythropoietin is increased, resulting in erythrocytosis. Recently, mutations in PIEZ01 have been associated with erythrocytosis. In many cases, a genetic variant cannot be identified, leaving a group of patients with the label idiopathic erythrocytosis who should be the subject of future investigations. The clinical course in congenital erythrocytosis is hard to evaluate as these are rare cases. However, some of these patients may well present at a young age and with sometimes catastrophic thromboembolic events. There is little evidence to guide the management of congenital erythrocytosis but the use of venesection and low dose aspirin should be considered.

Word Order in Old and Middle English

Diachronica ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit Westergaard
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Middle English ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Major Parameter ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mixed Systems

In the history of English one finds a mixture of V2 and non-V2 word order in declaratives for several hundred years, with frequencies suggesting a relatively gradual development in the direction of non-V2. Within an extended version of a cue-based approach to acquisition and change, this paper argues that there are many possible V2 grammars, differing from each other with respect to clause types, information structure, and the behavior of specific lexical elements. This variation may be formulated in terms of micro-cues. Child language data from present-day mixed systems show that such grammars are acquired early. The apparent optionality of V2 in the history of English may thus be considered to represent several different V2 grammars in succession, and it is not necessary to refer to competition between two major parameter settings. Diachronic language development can thus be argued to occur in small steps, reflecting the loss of micro-cues, and giving the impression that change is gradual.

Purulent Otitis Media: Differences Between Populations in Different Environments

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-136
Author(s):  
Patrick Manning ◽  
Mary Ellen Avery ◽  
Alan Ross
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Previous Issue ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tympanic Membranes

The paper by Kaplan and colleagues in a previous issue starts by emphasizing the unusually high incidence of otitis media among Eskimo children. Forty-one percent of their cohort of 489 Alaskan Eskimo children, followed for ten years, had perforations or scars of the tympanic membranes; significant hearing losses were present in 16% of the group. Among the 374 children with a history of otorrhea, 291 (78%) had their first attack before their second birthday. The adverse effects of hearing loss in early life on language development were underscored by the authors, who quite properly point out the need for special educational programs.

Differences in Joint-Position Sense and Vibratory Threshold in Runners With and Without a History of Overuse Injury

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Switlick ◽  
Thomas W. Kernozek ◽  
Stacey Meardon
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Overuse Injury ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Joint Position Sense ◽  
Sensory Threshold ◽  
Sensorimotor Function ◽  
Joint Position ◽  
Ankle Eversion ◽  
History Of

Context:A relationship between altered postural control and injury has been reported in sports. Sensorimotor function serves a fundamental role in postural control and is not often studied in runners. Persons who sustain running injury may have altered sensorimotor function contributing to risk of injury or reinjury.Objectives:To determine if differences in knee and ankle proprioception or plantar sensation exist between injured and noninjured runners.Design:Retrospective case-control study.Setting:University campus.Participants:Twenty runners with a history of lower-extremity overuse injury and 20 noninjured runners were examined. Injured runners were subcategorized into 2 groups based on site of injury: foot/ankle and knee/hip.Main Outcome Measures:Active absolute joint-repositioning error of the ankle at 20° inversion and 10° eversion and the knee at 15° and 40° flexion was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer. Vibratory threshold at the calcaneus, arch, and great toe was determined for each subject using a handheld electric sensory threshold instrument.Results:Runners in the injured-foot/ankle group had increased absolute error during ankle-eversion repositioning (6.55° ± 3.58°) compared with those in the noninjured (4.04° ± 1.78°, P = .01) and the hip/knee (3.63° ± 2.2°, P = .01) groups. Runners in the injured group, as a whole, had greater sensitivity in the arch of the plantar surface (2.94 ± 0.52 V) than noninjured runners (2.38 ± 0.53 V, P = .02).Conclusions:Differences in ankle-eversion proprioception between runners with a history of ankle and foot injuries and noninjured runners were observed. Runners with a history of injury also displayed an increased vibratory threshold in the arch region compared with noninjured runners. Poor ankle-joint-position sense and increased plantar sensitivity suggest altered sensorimotor function after injury. These factors may influence underlying postural control and contribute to altered loading responses commonly observed in injured runners.

The Language Development Survey

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Rescorla
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Language Delay ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Preschool Language ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Vocabulary Score

This paper reports data from four studies using the Language Development Survey (LDS), a vocabulary checklist designed for use as a screening tool for the identification of language delay in 2-year-old children. A survey completed by the parent in about 10 min, the LDS displayed excellent reliability as assessed by Cronbach's alpha and test-retest techniques. Total vocabulary score as reported on the LDS was highly correlated with performance on Bayley, Reynell, and Preschool Language Scale expressive vocabulary items. The LDS was found to have excellent sensitivity and specificity for the identification of language delay, with a criterion of fewer than 50 words or no word combinations at 2 years yielding very low false positive and false negative rates. Data from three of these studies demonstrate the utility of the LDS as a screening tool for children attending public and private pediatric practices. Prevalence data using the LDS are reported comparing three different severity cutoffs for more than 500 children in seven survey samples.

scholarly journals Italian adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
Chiara Levorato ◽  
Maja Roch
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Language Delay ◽  
School Age ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Narrative Competence ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Italian Context

This paper presents the Italian version of the Multilingual Assessment tool for Narratives (MAIN), describes how it was developed and reports on some recent uses of MAIN within the Italian context. The Italian MAIN has been used in different research projects and for clinical purposes; results have been presented at conferences and in peer reviewed papers. The results indicate that MAIN is an appropriate assessment tool for evaluating children’s narrative competence, in production and comprehension from preschool age (5 years) to school age (8 years) in typical language development, bilingual development and language delay/disorders.

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