Composition of Breast Milk from Mothers of Preterm Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Gross ◽  
Jane Geller ◽  
R. M. Tomarelli
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infant ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Mothers Of Preterm Infants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mechanical Expression

The influence of daily mechanical expression of breast milk on nutritional composition was examined by comparing expressed milk from 12 mothers who delivered preterm with milk from two groups of mothers delivering at term: nine mothers who mechanically expressed all milk and five mothers who nursed their infants at the breast. Collections were obtained at four-hour intervals over a period of 24 hours so that variability of constituents in milk of different mothers, as well as variability in the same mother over a 24-hour period, could be assessed. Preterm milk contained significantly higher concentrations of protein, sodium, and chloride, and lower concentrations of lactose than the milk from either group of mothers delivering at term. The mean concentrations of protein, sodium, chloride, and potassium in early preterm milk were adequate to meet the estimated requirements for the preterm infant. However, there was large variability in nutritional composition of milk among mothers and among samples from the same mother.

scholarly journals Tube Feeding Practices and Transition to Breastfeeding Experiences of Mothers of Preterm Infants at a Kangaroo Mother Care Unit of a Tertiary Hospital in South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2110370
Author(s):  
Sphiwe Madiba ◽  
Malmsey Sengane
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Tube Feeding ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Very Preterm Infants ◽  
Mothers Of Preterm Infants ◽  
Group Interviews

To receive human milk, most preterm infants initially receive the mothers’ expressed milk through a nasogastric tube. However, breast milk feeding the preterm infant and making the transition to direct breast-feeding come with significant challenges. The study explored and described the experiences of mothers of preterm infants regarding initiation and expressing breast milk, tube feeding practices, and transition to breastfeeding during the infants’ stay in a kangaroo care unit (KMC) of an academic hospital in South Africa. Using a qualitative design, focus group interviews were conducted with 38 mothers of preterm infants after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We analyzed transcripts following the 5 steps for qualitative thematic data analysis. Tube feeding and breastfeeding preterm infants was challenging and exhausting for the mothers. Many described their experiences of initiating expression and sustaining milk supply as negative. They had constant concerns about their ability to produce adequate milk volumes to feed their infants. They had immense dislike of expressing, which they described as physically exhausting, stressful, and painful. Those who had initiated breastfeeding were highly motivated to breastfeed their preterm infants. They described breastfeeding as a positive bonding experience that they derived pleasure from. The mothers’ dislike of expressing was overshadowed by their emotional obligation toward their preterm infants. Although the KMC unit promotes breastfeeding, mothers encountered problems and struggled to initiate expression and sustain milk production. Mothers of extreme and very preterm infants need support to continue with milk expression during the long NICU and KMC stay.

Antioxidant Capacity of Breast Milk of Mothers who Delivered Prematurely is Higher Than That of Mothers who Delivered at Term

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 368-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Turhan ◽  
Atıcı ◽  
Muslu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
The Mean

Background: The total antioxidant capacity of plasma of preterm infants has been suggested to be lower than that of term infants. The objective of this study was to compare the total antioxidant capacity of the breast milk of mothers who delivered prematurely with that of mothers who delivered at term. Materials and Methods: A total of 71 breast milk samples were collected, 41 from mothers who delivered preterm (27 to 37 weeks) and 30 from mothers who delivered at term (38 to 42 weeks). Results: The mean total antioxidant capacity of the breast milk of mothers who delivered prematurely was higher (2.19 ± 0.88 mmol/L) than that of mothers who delivered at term (1.7 ± 0.86 mmol/L) (p = 0.024). Conclusion: Breastfeeding may protect preterm infants against oxidative stress and related disorders in the neonatal period.

scholarly journals Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Dörner ◽  
Stefan Dziadzka ◽  
Andreas Höhn ◽  
Erika Sievers ◽  
Hans-Dieter Oldigs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Breast Fed

1. Mn and Cu intake and retention in twenty full-term infants and six preterm infants were studied on the basis of 72 h balances. The age of the infants was 2–16 weeks and the gestational age of the preterm infants (triplets) 34 and 36 weeks. Three nutrition schemes were pursued: breast-fed, formula-fed with unsupplemented adapted formula and formula-fed with trace element supplementation.2. The mean Mn concentration of all breast-milk samples (n 2339) was 6·2 μg/1. The two formulas had similar Mn concentrations (77 and 99 μg/1) but had different Fe, Cu (121 and 619 μg/1), Zn and I contents. The mean Cu concentration in mother's milk was 833 μg/1.3. The following mean daily Mn intakes and retentions (μg/kg) respectively were measured: breast-fed fullterm 1·06 (sd 0·43) and 0·43 (sd 0·65), formula-fed full-term 14·2 (sd 3·1) and 2·8 (sd 4·8), formula-fed preterm 15·0 (sd 2·2) and 0·06 (sd 5·87). The results for Cu were 114·5 (sd 22·3) and 88·0 (sd 46·5) μg/kg in breast-fed, 19–8 (sd 4·2) and 4·6 (-11·5–9·6) in the unsupplemented formula-fed and 106·4 (sd 18·9) and 55·5 (sd 20·3) in the supplemented formula full-term infant group. No significant influence of the trace element contents of the formulas on the relative retention of Mn or Cu was found.4. Young preterm infants, and to some degree young full-term infants, often had negative Mn balances caused by a high faccal excretion. The formulas with a Mn concentration below 100 μg/l gave a sufficient supply of Mn. Preterm infants fed on the unsupplemented formula had a marginal Cu supply and their first balances were negative (-3·8 (sd 1·8) μg/kg).5. In accordance with the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (recommended dietary allowances), formula-fed infants receive much more Mn than breast-fed infants and their absolute retention is higher.6. Cu from breast-milk had a significantly better biological availability than that from cow's milk formula. If retentions similar to those in breast-fed infants are intended, we conclude, therefore, that cow's milk formula should be fortified with Cu up to a level of at least 600 μg/l.

scholarly journals Implementing an education program for nurse-midwives focused on early essential care for breast milk expression among mothers of preterm infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rie Tanaka ◽  
Shigeko Horiuchi
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Education Program ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Breast Milk Expression ◽  
Breast Milk Production ◽  
Appropriate Care ◽  
Mothers Of Preterm Infants ◽  
Nurse Midwives

Abstract Background Although breastfeeding guidelines for infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) have been introduced in Japan, these guidelines have not been reflected in practice. To improve this situation, it is important for nurses and nurse-midwives to acquire knowledge of appropriate care. This study examined changes in nurse-midwives’ knowledge, attitude, and implementation of appropriate care after implementing an education program focused on early essential care for breast milk expression among mothers of preterm infants. Methods This pre- and post-intervention study using a single group was conducted from June 2018 to May 2019 and enrolled 36 nurse-midwives in one perinatal medical center. The education program content included nurses’ roles in early essential care for milk expression and the necessary care to promoting breast milk production among mothers of preterm infants. The nurse-midwives’ knowledge and attitude on care were investigated 3 months before (pre-1), just before (pre-2), just after (post-1), and 3 months after (post-2) the program. The nurse-midwives’ care implementation was investigated at pre-1, pre-2, and post-2. During this time, 11 mothers (before: 7, after: 4) reported the status of milk expression for 10 days after birth. Results The mean knowledge scores of the nurse-midwives at post-1 and post-2 were significantly higher than that at pre-2 (post-1: p <  0.001, post-2: p <  0.001). The attitude on care scores at post-1 and post-2 were significantly higher than that at pre-2 (post-1: p < 0.001, post-2: p = 0.010). The care implementation score at post-2 was significantly higher than that at pre-2 in eight items (e.g., Q7 Explain about the effect of initiating milk expression early and assist mothers in it). However, the education program did not cause any changes in the mothers’ initiation and frequency of milk expression, and breast milk volume after birth. Conclusions The significant increases in the knowledge, attitude on care, and care implementation scores of the nurse-midwives suggest the beneficial effects of the education program. The small number of mothers in the survey on the practice of breast milk expression limited the full determination of the benefits of the education program for nurse-midwives.

scholarly journals The effect of inhaling mother’s breast milk odor on the behavioral responses to pain caused by hepatitis B vaccine in preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Akbarian Rad ◽  
Parvin Aziznejadroshan ◽  
Adeleh Saebi Amiri ◽  
Hemmat Gholinia Ahangar ◽  
Zahra Valizadehchari
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trial ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hb Vaccine

Abstract Background: Non-pharmacologic pain relief in preterm infant is an important measure. Familiar odors for neonates have soothing effects in some researches. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of maternal breast milk odor (MBMO) with that of another mother’s breast milk odor (BMO) on the behavioral responses to pain caused by hepatitis B (HB) vaccine injection in preterm infants.Methods: This single-blind randomized clinical trial was performed in the neonatal intensive care unit of Babol Rouhani Hospital, Iran from February 2019 to March 2020. Ninety preterm infants who must to be receive the HB vaccine, were randomly assigned into three groups of MBMO (A), another mother’s BMO (B) and control with distilled water(C). Oxygen saturation(SaO2), blood pressure(BP) and heart rate(HR) were recorded by electronic monitoring and premature infant pain profile (PIPP) were determined through video recording in tree groups during intervention. The chi-square, ANOVA and ANCOVA were used for analyzing data, and P<0.05 was considered significant.Results: No significant differences were seen between tree groups in mean± SD of HR, BP, Sao2 before intervention, (P>0.05). After intervention, the mean heart rate in group A, B and C was 146. 6±14.3, 153.70±17.5 and 155.70±17.7 respectively, (P=0.01). There was no significant difference between groups in the mean of SaO2, systolic and diastolic blood pressure after intervention (P>0.05). The mean PIPP score in groups A, B and C was 6.6±1.3, 10 ±2 and 11.4±1.9 respectively, (P<0.001).Conclusions: Stimulation with MBMO is effective in reducing the pain of preterm infants, so it can be used in less invasive procedures such as needling.Trial registration: IRCT, IRCT20190220042771N1. Registered 18 May 2019- Retrospectively registered, https://en.irct.ir/trial/37646

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