TETANY AND PARATHYROID HYPERPLASIA IN THE NEWBORN INFANT: INFLUENCE OF DIETARY PHOSPHATE LOAD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 534-543
Author(s):  
LYTT I. GARDNER
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Parathyroid Hyperplasia ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Dietary Phosphate ◽  
The Relationship

Three cases of newborn tetany are described, pointing out the relationship between dietary phosphate load and the manifestations of this disease. An additional three newborn infants are described who showed other symptomatology than tetany in association with dietary phosphate load. [See Table 1 in Source Pdf]. Data concerning diet, cause of death and degree of parathyroid hyperplasia are tabulated in eight newborns who were found to have parathyroid hyperplasia at autopsy. Similar data are tabulated on eight newborns and five older children who were found to have normal parathyroid glands at autopsy. Several other factors possibly involved in newborn tetany and newborn parathyroid hyperplasia are discussed. The importance of measuring serum inorganic P in the differential diagnosis of neonatal distress is pointed out.

scholarly journals Molecular Physiology and Pathophysiology of Bilirubin Handling by the Blood, Liver, Intestine, and Brain in the Newborn

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 1291-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thor W. R. Hansen ◽  
Ronald J. Wong ◽  
David K. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
The Body ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Molecular Physiology ◽  
Current State ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Bilirubin Metabolism ◽  
The Brain

Bilirubin is the end product of heme catabolism formed during a process that involves oxidation-reduction reactions and conserves iron body stores. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is common in newborn infants, but rare later in life. The basic physiology of bilirubin metabolism, such as production, transport, and excretion, has been well described. However, in the neonate, numerous variables related to nutrition, ethnicity, and genetic variants at several metabolic steps may be superimposed on the normal physiological hyperbilirubinemia that occurs in the first week of life and results in bilirubin levels that may be toxic to the brain. Bilirubin exists in several isomeric forms that differ in their polarities and is considered a physiologically important antioxidant. Here we review the chemistry of the bilirubin molecule and its metabolism in the body with a particular focus on the processes that impact the newborn infant, and how differences relative to older children and adults contribute to the risk of developing both acute and long-term neurological sequelae in the newborn infant. The final section deals with the interplay between the brain and bilirubin and its entry, clearance, and accumulation. We conclude with a discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanism(s) of bilirubin neurotoxicity.

MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVITY OF TRANSAMINASES IN THE SERUM AS AN AID IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF JAUNDICE IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-600
Author(s):  
Simon Kove ◽  
Stanley Goldstein ◽  
Felix Wróblewski
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Hepatic Diseases ◽  
Serial Measurements

Measurements of transaminases in the serum have proven of value in the diagnosis of hepatic diseases in adults. It therefore seemed of interest to apply these techniques to the newborn infant. To establish the normal range of the activity of these enzymes in the serum for the neonatal period, studies were made of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in 63 normal newborn term infants for the first week of life. It was found that values for the activity of GPT up to 90 units must be considered physiologic for this early neonatal period. This compares to a physiologic neonatal range of activity up to 120 units for glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), found in a previous investigation on these same infants. Thus the range of activity for these two enzymes in newborn infants is somewhat greater than that of adults in whom values up to 45 units for both enzymes are considered normal. In neonatal physiologic jaundice the degree of hyperbilirubinemia did not affect the activity of GPT, as was also the case, from previous studies, with respect to GOT. Serial determinations of the activity of GOT and GPT were also made in a small number of infants with jaundice due to pathologic conditions to determine the value of this test in the differential diagnosis of jaundice of unknown origin in the newborn infant. It was found that in hemolytic disease of the newborn, activity of these enzymes usually remains within the normal neonatal range. In very severe hemolysis, activity of GOT may be increased to about 300 to 400 units, temporarily, although activity of GPT remains within the normal neonatal range. In neonatal biliary obstruction there is a sustained increase of activity of transaminase in the serum which may reach values up to about 800 units for the duration of the obstruction, whether it be temporary, as in the "inspissated bile syndrome" or protracted, as in atresia of the bile ducts. It would appear that serial measurements of the transaminases in the serum may be of distinct diagnostic value in jaundice of unknown origin in the neonatal period, and it is suggested that this procedure be included in the investigation of a clinical problem involving this syndrome.

REACTIVITY OF THE SKIN OF THE NEWBORN INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-197
Author(s):  
ABE MATHESON ◽  
MARVIN NIERENBERG ◽  
JOSEPH GREENGARD
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Term Newborn ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Prematurely Born Infants

The skin of the full term newborn infant reacts to various dilutions of histamine phosphate with erythema but no wheal formation, as contrasted to the skin of older children where, with the same technic (scratch), whealing was frequent. The skin of the full term newborn infant is capable of fixing reagin locally. Similar fixation of antibody (and skin reactions with tendency to smaller wheals) was shown in prematurely born infants of varying ages and weight. The skin sites passively sensitized with serum containing reagin to egg showed erythema and whealing following the feeding of whole raw egg to both newborn infants and older children. This suggests that proteins or products of protein digestion, of sufficient complexity to be antigenic, are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of both newborn infants and older children. The above experiments support the view that the skin of the newborn infant is capable of demonstrating an antigen antibody reaction and that such reaction may be in the nature of erythema or whealing.

The Platelet of the Newborn Infant – Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism and Release

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (02) ◽  
pp. 099-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Whaun ◽  
P Lievaart ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism

SummaryBlood from normal full term infants, mothers and normal adults was collected in citrate. Citrated platelet-rich plasma was prelabelled with 3H-adenine and reacted with release inducers, collagen and adrenaline. Adenine nucleotide metabolism, total adenine nucleotide levels and changes in sizes of these pools were determined in platelets from these three groups of subjects.At rest, the platelet of the newborn infant, compared to that of the mother and normal adult, possessed similar amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 4.6 ± 0.2 (SD), 5.0 ± 1.1, 4.9 ± 0.6 µmoles ATP/1011 platelets respectively, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 2.4 ± 0.7, 2.8 ± 0.6, 3.0 ± 0.3 umoles ADP/1011 platelets respectively. However the marked elevation of specific radioactivity of ADP and ATP in these resting platelets indicated the platelet of the neonate has decreased adenine nucleotide stores.In addition to these decreased stores of adenine nucleotides, infant platelets showed significantly impaired release of ADP and ATP on exposure to collagen. The release of ADP in infants, mothers, and other adults was 0.9 ± 0.5 (SD), 1.5 ± 0.5, 1.5 ± 0.1 umoles/1011 platelets respectively; that of ATP was 0.6 ± 0.3, 1.0 ± 0.1,1.3 ± 0.2 µmoles/1011 platelets respectively. With collagen-induced release, platelets of newborn infants compared to those of other subjects showed only slight increased specific radioactivities of adenine nucleotides over basal levels. The content of metabolic hypoxanthine, a breakdown product of adenine nucleotides, increased in both platelets and plasma in all subjects studied.In contrast, with adrenaline as release inducer, the platelets of the newborn infant showed no adenine nucleotide release, no change in total ATP and level of radioactive hypoxanthine, and minimal change in total ADP. The reason for this decreased adrenaline reactivity of infant platelets compared to reactivity of adult platelets is unknown.Infant platelets may have different membranes, with resulting differences in regulation of cellular processes, or alternatively, may be refractory to catecholamines because of elevated levels of circulating catecholamines in the newborn period.

Oxygen Consumption in Platelets of Newborn Infants before and after Stimulation by Thrombin.

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 712-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Del Principe ◽  
G Mancuso ◽  
A Menichelli ◽  
G Maretto ◽  
G Sabetta
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Umbilical Cord Blood ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Adult Control ◽  
Healthy Newborn ◽  
Before And After

SummaryThe authors compared the oxygen consumption in platelets from the umbilical cord blood of 36 healthy newborn infants with that of 27 adult subjects, before and after thrombin addition (1.67 U/ml). Oxygen consumption at rest was 6 mμmol/109/min in adult control platelets and 5.26 in newborn infants. The burst in oxygen consumption after thrombin addition was 26.30 mμmol/109/min in adults and 24.90 in infants. Dinitrophenol did not inhibit the burst of O2 consumption in platelets in 8 out of 10 newborn infants, while the same concentration caused a decrease in 9 out of 10 adult subjects. Deoxyglucose inhibited the burst in O2 consumption in newborn infant and adult platelets by about 50%. KCN at the concentration of 10−4 M completely inhibited basal oxygen consumption but did not completely inhibit the burst after thrombin. At the concentration of 10−3 M, it inhibited both basal O2 consumption and the burst in infants and adult subjects.

scholarly journals Extraosseous Ewing’s Sarcoma: Pictorial Review of Imaging Findings, Differential Diagnosis, and Pathologic Correlation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Alexander ◽  
Kyle Hunter ◽  
Michael Rubin ◽  
Ambarish P. Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Ewing’S Sarcoma ◽  
Ewing's Sarcoma ◽  
Multimodality Imaging ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Radiologic Findings ◽  
Pictorial Review ◽  
Malignant Mesenchymal Tumor ◽  
Extraosseous Ewing’S Sarcoma

AbstractExtraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (EES), first described in 1969, is a malignant mesenchymal tumor just like its intraosseous counterpart. Although Ewing’s sarcomas are common bone tumors in young children, EESs are rarer and more commonly found in older children/adults, often carrying a poorer prognosis. We discuss the multimodality imaging features of EES and the differential diagnosis of an aggressive appearing mass in proximity to skeletal structures, with pathologic correlates. This review highlights the need to recognize the variability of radiologic findings in EES such as the presence of hemorrhage, rich vascularity, and cystic or necrotic regions and its imaging similarity to other neoplasms that are closely related pathologically.

Prediction of Hearing Threshold in Infants Using Auditory Steady-State Evoked Potentials

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 236-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Rance ◽  
Field Rickards
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Hearing Threshold ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Behavioral Thresholds ◽  
Similar Threshold ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Audiometric Test

This retrospective study examines the relationship between auditory steady-state evoked potential (ASSEP) thresholds determined in infancy and subsequently obtained behavioral hearing levels in children with normal hearing or varying degrees of sensorineural hearing loss. Overall, the results from 211 subjects showed that the two test techniques were highly correlated, with Pearson r values exceeding .95 at each of the audiometric test frequencies between 500 and 4000 Hz. Analysis of the findings for babies with significant hearing loss (moderate to profound levels) showed similar threshold relationships to those obtained in previous studies involving adults and older children. The results for infants with normal or near-normal hearing did, however, differ from those reported for older subjects, with behavioral thresholds typically 10 to 15 dB better than would have been predicted from their ASSEP levels.

UMBILICAL VESSEL ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE NEWBORN INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 946-951
Author(s):  
Samuel O. Sapin ◽  
Leonard M. Linde ◽  
George C. Emmanouilides
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Umbilical Artery ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Umbilical Vessel ◽  
Accurate Interpretation ◽  
Sick Newborn

Angiocardiography from an umbilical vessel approach was performed in 10 critically sick newborn infants. The umbilical vein route was successfully employed up to the eighth day of life, while the umbilical artery was safely used as late as age 5 days. This approach has advantages over other methods of catheterization and angiocardiography. Angiocardiographic quality was satisfactory for accurate interpretation.

Isolated Phrenic Nerve Palsy in the Newborn

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-451
Author(s):  
Barry T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Phrenic Nerve ◽  
Nerve Palsy ◽  
Forceps Delivery ◽  
Phrenic Nerve Palsy ◽  
Newborn Period ◽  
History Of

A case of isolated phrenic nerve palsy in a newborn infant following a difficult forceps delivery is described. Treatment was supportive and complete clinical and radiological recovery occurred between the tenth and eighteenth days of life. Phrenic nerve palsy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress in the newborn period, especially if there is a history of traumatic delivery or if a brachial palsy is present.

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