scholarly journals El tropero y el origen de la burguesía en el Cono Sur (Mendoza, siglo XVIII)

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Lacoste
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
Entrepreneurial Culture ◽  
America South

Este artigo aprofunda a análise sobre a carreta e o tropeiro, para definir em que medida contribuíram para o processo de construção de uma cultura empresarial na América Colonial, levando ao surgimento de uma burguesia. Atenta-se, em especial, para temas como mobilidade social, riscos empresariais, fomento do crédito em confiança ou por hipoteca de carretas, circulação de idéias e configuração de um ethos capitalista. Este trabalho constitui a continuação e a conclusão de um anterior intitulado “Carretas y transporte terrestre bioceánico: la ruta Buenos Aires-Mendoza en el siglo XVIII” (Estudos Ibero-Americanos, vol. XXXI, nº 1, 2005). Abstract This paper deepens the study on the wagon and wagon drivers as socioeconomic actors. The aims of the present work is to determine their contribution to the process of building of an entrepreneurial culture in colonial America South Cone. It focuses on the wagon drivers’ social mobility, entrepreneurial risks, credit networks, circulation of ideas, and the rise of a capitalistic ethos. This article is the conclusion of the previous paper “Wagon and Atlantic-Pacific terrestrial transportation: the Buenos Aires-Mendoza route, in 18th century” (Estudos Ibero-Americanos, vol. XXXI, n. 1, 2005). Palavras-chave: Carreta. Mobilidade social. Cultura empresarial. Key words: Wagon. Social mobility. Entrepreneurial culture.

scholarly journals Carretas y transporte terrestre bioceánico: la ruta Buenos Aires-Mendoza en el siglo XVIII

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Lacoste
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Xvith Century

A carreta foi o principal meio de transporte terrestre na América colonial entre os séculos XVI e XIX. Uma das rotas mais utilizadas foi Buenos Aires-Mendoza, estabelecendo uma ligação entre os mercados do Atlântico e do Pacífico. Este artigo examina essas rotas, ao final do século XVIII, com base no processamento das viagens de 16.000 carretas. O tema será aprofundado em um segundo trabalho intitulado “Los troperos y los orígenes de la burguesía en el Cono Sur de América colonial” (previsto para o próximo número de Estudos Ibero-Americanos). Abstract The wagon was the main terrestrial facility in colonial America from the XVIth century until 1850. One of the most important routes to connect Atlantic and Pacific markets was Buenos Aires-Mendoza. This paper explores this route during the late XVIII century, based on 16.000 wagon trips. This subject will be further studied in the paper “Wagon drivers and the origin of the bourgeoisie in colonial America” (in the next edition of Estudos Ibero-Americanos). Palavras chave: Carretas. Transporte terrestre colonial. Rotas bi-oceânicas. Key words: Wagon. Colonial terrestrial transportation. Atlantic-Pacific routes.

Material Culture in the 18th Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Van Horn
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Enslaved African Americans

Material culture refers to human-manufactured, human-altered, or human-used physical things of all sizes and materials, from houses to domestic artifacts to tools to landscapes. Material culture also refers to the study of artifacts and scholars’ use of objects as a form of evidence to ask and answer questions about the 18th century. Material culture studies is not limited to physical examination of artifacts. It also involves consideration of an array of documentary, literary, and visual sources that provide information about material life. In 18th-century colonial America, the meanings and uses of material goods changed radically. Anglo-American colonists obtained greater numbers and novel types of objects through transatlantic and global trade networks. The British manufactures that flooded the colonies fulfilled colonists’ desire to assert social status and to participate in social rituals that demonstrated refinement. Scholars have labeled these changes the “Consumer Revolution” and the system of “gentility.” Artifacts also built communities and buttressed political beliefs, particularly through non-importation or boycotts of British goods during the imperial crisis. Ideas of gender shaped how women’s growing activity of shopping was understood and critiqued, as well as the association of fashion with women. The importation of Asian and Indian goods, primarily textiles and porcelain, fulfilled fantasies of the exotic while enabling American consumers to demonstrate their worldliness and status. Material goods facilitated cultural exchange and trade between those of different races and ethnicities. At the same time, oppression and political and economic disenfranchisement shaped American material culture. Indigenous peoples expressed consumer preferences for manufactured goods during negotiations within the fur trade. They incorporated British manufactures into preexisting material practices. Enslaved African Americans entered the market as both commodities and consumers. Through their purchases and creative use of refined artifacts, bond people expressed individual identity despite their legal status as property.

A FILOSOFIA E AS MULHERES

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
Shayane Vitória Silva ◽  
José Benedito de Almeida Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
De Se ◽  
Female Ambition

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar um estudo sobre a questão da liberdade das mulheres e as limitações que sofriam e sofrem por diversas questões relacionadas à determinação de papéis sociais para os gêneros. Nossa fundamentação teórica principal é a obra de Elisabeth Badinter, especialmente Emilie, Emilie:a ambição feminina no século XVIII(2003). Badinter pesquisou e reflete sobre as restrições sociais que as mulheres sofriam no século XVIII. A consequência deste processo é que a iniciativa de se tornarem cientistas, escritoras, diplomatas, magistradas e outras funções similares, eram consideradas ruins para a sociedade, uma vez que a ambição feminina, causaria desordem na sociedade, por não condizer com a natureza das mulheres. Além disso, este trabalho analisa também artigos sobre a participação das mulheres nos programas de pós-graduação em Filosofia no Brasil que apresentam a redução da proporção de mulheres na medida em que se aumenta o grau de especialidade das pesquisas. Palavras-Chave: Filósofas. Mulheres. Filosofia. Feminina. Pós-Graduação. Abstract This paper aims to present a study on the issue of women's freedom and the limitations they have suffered and suffer for various issues related to the determination of social roles for genders. Our main theoretical foundation is the work of Elisabeth Badinter, especially Emilie, Emilie: the female ambition in the 18th century (2003). Badinter researched and reflected on the social restrictions that women suffered in the 18th century. The consequence of this process is that the initiative to become scientists, writers, diplomats, magistrates and other similar functions was considered bad for society, since the female ambition, it would cause disorder in society, for not matching the nature of women. In addition, this work also studies articles on the participation of women in postgraduate programs in Philosophy in Brazil which show a reduction in the proportion of women as the degree of research expertise increases. Key words: Philosophers. Women. Philosophy. Feminine. Postgraduate.

scholarly journals Subsidiariedade e planejamento urbano em contextos comparados: uma análise entre Portugal, Itália e Brasil

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Juliano Geraldi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Field Observation ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Interview Data

O presente ensaio tem como objetivo compreender como o conceito de subsidiariedade opera os instrumentos de planejamento urbano em contextos comparados. Entendemos que o que se deve estabelecer como ponto de partida não é uma simples análise do grau de descentralização e participação dos países escolhidos, mas sim de como se dá a relação entre Estado e sociedade no planejamento urbano. A escolha de Portugal, Itália e Brasil para a análise comparada se dá por representarem as três formas de organização vertical do Poder: unitária, regional e federativa. Para a interpretação dos casos decidiu-se por diferenciar subsidiariedade vertical de subsidiariedade horizontal na utilização dos parâmetros de análise, nomeadamente: os sujeitos, os objetos e as asserções normativas.Palavras-chave: subsidiariedade; planejamento urbano; Portugal; Itália; Brasil. Abstract: A principal way of accessing housing for the urban poor in Buenos Aires is through the illegal occupation of land, thereby creating informal settlements. This article examines the development of informality, patterns of social mobility and residential trajectories within and between informal settlements in Argentina’s capital in recent decades. Using survey and interview data among residents in a variety of informal settlements complemented with field observation and secondary data, it is shown that there is much variation in dwellers’ perspectives and the strategies they employ to secure their tenure and livelihoods. Furthermore, it is shown how government policy and law condition not only the emergence of informality, but also the particular shape it takes. Keywords: subsidiarity; urban planning; Portugal; Italy; Brazil.

scholarly journals Analysis of settlings of Lutoviska commune since 2nd half of 18th century using GIS

2016 ◽  
pp. 198-207
Author(s):  
Ihor Kozak ◽  
Hanna Kozak
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Spatial Statistics ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Standard Deviational Ellipse

The study was conducted within the actual area of Lutoviska commune in Bieszczady district, Podkarpackie voivodeship in Eastern Poland. The dynamics of settlements in Lutoviska commune from the 2nd half of the 18th century was discussed. Maps and historical data were analyzed in the ArcGIS 10.3 program. In the study there were presented possibilities of applying the ArcGIS for Desktop 10.3 program. We analyzed the Lutoviska commune in terms of the changes of settlements and used maps for the analysis of changes in its structure. The first of these was the historical map, namely the tactical map of “WIG” in scale 1:100 000 from 1936. Next we analyzed maps from 1965 and 2014, which were prepared applying the “WMS” server. The changes in the number of villages and households were presented. Population dynamics for Greek-Catholics, “Latynnykys” and Jews for the year 1785 and Ukrainians in comparison with the number of Poles and Jews for the year 1939 were shown. Ethnic and religious composition from the 2nd half of the 18th century was evaluated. Based on the study of spatial placement of settlements with the use of Spatial Statistics (Spatial Autocorrelation Global Moran’s test, Standard Deviational Ellipse and Mean Centre) the character of settlements distribution in Lutoviska commune was presented. There was confirmed a similar configuration of Standard Deviation Ellipse and Mean Center for Greek-Catholics-Ukrainians in 1785 and Ukrainians in 1939 in Lutoviska commune. The scale and results of such changes are interesting for future research, mainly in terms of the change of traditional village system infrastructure and culture. Key words: dynamics, village, GIS, Lutoviska commune.

scholarly journals Review of the problem of transforming the name of Mezhybizh town in the light of new archival sources

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 189-205
Author(s):  
Ruslan Nahnybida ◽  
Ivan Saranchuk
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Written Information ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Town

It is noted in the article that the first written information about Podillya towns in Polish sources dates back to the end of the 14th - first half of the 15th century, and in the ancient Old Rus` chronicles there are mentions only of some towns, among which there is Mezhybizh town, located between rivers Pivdennyi Buh and Buzhok. It is stated that the location determined its name. However, it is established that the name Medzhybizh, which has survived to the present day, is fixed in the documents of the late Middle Ages. On the basis of the discovered materials, which are iconographic materials and archival documents of the Sieniawski family, an attempt was made to trace the transformation of the name of the town from the 12th to the 18th century. It is claimed that this name could have been established thanks to beekeeping. It is known that the production and sale of honey and wax played an important role in the economic and financial life of many cities, including Medzhybizh. During the analysis of archival sources, it was established that the document on construction and repair works in the Medzhybizh key for 1727 it is stated that in Nova Syniava a new winter house for beehives was built, which did not exist before, and peasants no longer spent much time and they didn`t drove apiaries to Medzhybozh in the autumn and back to Nova Syniava in the spring. The same clay stebniks were built in Khodkivtsi and Kopystyn, 30 km from Medzhybizh. However, for 10 years in the description of Novosinyavsky court in 1738, the stebnyk on two pillars is marked as old. Only in the document for 1759–1760 was the treasure stebnyk of Medzhybizh first mentioned, in which magnate apiaries were probably kept in winter. We assume that it could be located under the magnate's chambers and rooms in the south-eastern part of the castle of Medzhibizh or near the castle at the court of the Czartoryski, which was surrounded by a moat and an oak fence. Although such an assumption requires thorough research. Also on the map of the geometer Anthony Endrzejowski in 1772 in the explication we find mentions of three large apiaries, which were located near Medzhybizh, on the outskirts of the village Markivtsi. Key words: Medzhybizh, Sieniawski, Czartoryski, stebnyk (a building designed for wintering bees), honey.

scholarly journals Migration and Social Mobility Between Argentina and Spain: Climbing the Social Hierarchy in the Transnational Space

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-264
Author(s):  
Laura Oso ◽  
Pablo Dalle
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Mobility Strategies ◽  
Migrant Families ◽  
The Social ◽  
Transnational Space ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis chapter analyses the relationship between migration and social mobility in Argentina and Spain from a transnational perspective focusing on two dimensions: the patterns of intergenerational social mobility of immigrants and natives in both countries; the social mobility strategies and trajectories of Galicians families in Buenos Aires and Argentinians, of Galician origin, who migrated to Galicia after the 2001 crisis. The chapter begins by contextualizing the migratory trends in Europe and Latin America. This is followed by a comparative study of how immigration impacts on the class structure and social mobility patterns in Argentina and Spain. Quantitative analysis techniques are used to study the intergenerational social mobility rates. The statistical analysis of stratification and social mobility surveys have been benchmarked against previous studies conducted in Argentina (Germani, G., Movilidad social en la sociedad industrial. EUDEBA, Buenos Aires, 1963; Dalle, P., Movilidad social desde las clases populares. Un estudio sociológico en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (1960–2013). CLACSO/Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani-UBA/CICCUS, Buenos Aires, 2016) and Spain (Fachelli, S., & López-Roldán, P., Revista Española de Sociología 26:1–20, 2017). Secondly, qualitative research methods are used to consider the social mobility strategies and class trajectories of migrant families. We analyse two fieldworks, developed in the framework of other research projects (based on 44 biographical and semi-structured interviews). These case studies were carried out with Galicians that migrated to Argentina between 1940 and 1960 and Argentinians, of Galician origin, who migrated to Galicia after the 2001 crisis.

Print, the Press, and the American Revolution

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
American Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Binding Agent ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
The Press ◽  
American Cities

According to David Ramsay, one of the first historians of the American Revolution, “in establishing American independence, the pen and press had merit equal to that of the sword.” Because of the unstable and fragile notions of unity among the thirteen American colonies, print acted as a binding agent that mitigated the chances that the colonies would not support one another when war with Britain broke out in 1775. Two major types of print dealt with the political process of the American Revolution: pamphlets and newspapers. Pamphlets were one of the most important conveyors of ideas during the imperial crisis. Often written by elites under pseudonyms and published by booksellers, they have long been held by historians as the lifeblood of the American Revolution. There were also three dozen newspaper printers in the American mainland colonies at the start of the Revolution, each producing a four-page issue every week. These weekly papers, or one-sheet broadsides that appeared in American cities even more frequently, were the most important communication avenue to keep colonists informed of events hundreds of miles away. Because of the structure of the newspaper business in the 18th century, the stories that appeared in each paper were “exchanged” from other papers in different cities, creating a uniform effect akin to a modern news wire. The exchange system allowed for the same story to appear across North America, and it provided the Revolutionaries with a method to shore up that fragile sense of unity. It is difficult to imagine American independence—as a popular idea let alone a possible policy decision—without understanding how print worked in colonial America in the mid-18th century.

Osservazioni sulle fonti luterane della controversia De notitia Dei naturali insita in infantibus

2009 ◽  
pp. 449-467
Author(s):  
Roberto Bordoli
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Key Words ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theological Thinking ◽  
Innate Idea ◽  
The Way ◽  
Idea Of God

Starting from a passage of Adam Steuart's refutation of Descartes' Notae in programma quoddam, this essay reconstructs the debate on the innate idea of God in infants (incorrectly attributed to Descartes by Steuart, who was a Calvinist) that took place in Lutheran-oriented philosophy and theology between the end of the 16th and the middle of the 18th century. It is shown that one of the most common questions in modern philosophy is closely connected with theological thinking - in this case Lutheran - from the formulation of the dogmatic systems up until their criticism by the Enlightenment. Also explained is the way in which the reception of Cartesianism was singularly influenced by the various backgrounds and the different and continuously changing polemical goals that inspired each author. In fact, Descartes was even accused of being a Lutheran.Key words: History of modern philosophy, History of Protestant theology, History of Cartesianism, History of Lutheranism, Reception of Cartesianism.

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