scholarly journals Impregnation as a method for preservation of relics used by the Christian Church

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Tomov ◽  
N. Dimitrov ◽  
D. Atanasova ◽  
J. (Yanko) Dzhanozov
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
High Molecular Mass ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Slowing Down

Relics are a special type of human body remains, which are venerated by the faithful due to the prominence the person had achieved during lifetime. Even if no such claims for incorruptibility are made, body relics have to be preserved in some fashion, in order to allow for their long-term viewing and veneration. The present report summarizes the available data regarding the impregnation as a method for body preservation, used by the Christian Church to conserve body relics. Impregnation is a widely used method, both by the Orthodox as well as by the Roman Catholic Church. It is known that bodies are treated with different protective mixtures on variable intervals after death. Public worship historically involved pouring of oil over relics. Moreover, small tissue fragments are embedded in wax blocks or are sealed with a mixture of molten wax and other resins. All of those methods are in fact impregnation with compounds with high molecular mass as a final stage of a preservation procedure. This impregnation of a tissue already reached some degree of dehydration or other preservation ensures longevity and protection of the relics by greatly slowing down the natural processes of decomposition and disintegration.

The Council of Trent and the Residence of Bishops in the Diocese of Cape Verde (1553–1705)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jairzinho Lopes Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Catholic Reformation

AbstractThe Council of Trent (1545–1563) regarded the reform of the episcopate as the cornerstone of the Catholic Reformation. Hence the Conciliar Fathers put emphasis on the much neglected duty of residence of bishops. To ensure compliance, the Roman Catholic Church relied heavily on Christian monarchs, patrons of the Churches in the territories under their jurisdiction. The present study analyses to what extent the Tridentine decree on the residence of bishops was enforced in the diocese of Cape Verde (under Portuguese control) between 1553 and 1705. The hypothesis of this study can be stated simply: despite the efforts to enforce the residence of bishops in Cape Verde, the socio-economic limitations of the diocese as well as political and administrative constraints in Portugal significantly hampered the authorities in their effort to enforce long-term residence in that overseas diocese.

Early medieval, medieval and historic periods - Peter Schmid. Die Keramikfunde der Grabung Feddersen Wierde, 1. Jh.v. bis 5.Jh.n. Chr. (Probleme der Küstenforschung im südlichen Nordseegebiet Band 29, Feddersen Wierde Band 5). 192 pages, 97 figures, 51 tables. 2006. Oldenburg: Isensee; 3-89995-355-X hardback. - Odile Maufras (ed.). Habitats, nécropoles et paysages dans la moyenne et la basse vallée du Rhône (VIIè-XVè s.): contribution des travaux du TGV-Méditerranée à l'étude des sociétés rurales médiévales (Documents d'archéologie française 98). 474 pages, 205 illustrations, 63 tables. 2006. Paris: Maison des sciences de l'homme; 2-7351-0985-2 paperback. - Laurent Fau (ed.). Les Monts d'Aubrac au Moyen Age: Genèse d'un monde agropastoral (Documents d'archéologie française 101). 214 pages, 128 illustrations, 14 tables. 2006. Paris: Maison des sciences de l'homme; 978-2-7351-1117-6 paperback €40. - Anders Andrén, Kristina Jennbert & Catharina Raudvere (ed.). Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives: origins, changes, and interactions (an international conference in Lund, Sweden, June 3-7, 2004). 416 pages, numerous illustrations, tables. 2006. Lund: Nordic Academic Press; 978-91-89116-81-8 hardback Kr.300. - Rosemary Cramp. Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites Volume 2. xvi+676 pages, 323 illustrations, 72 tables (incl. 2 fold-outs). 2006. Swindon: English Heritage; 978-1-873592-94-6 paperback. - Jeffrey D. Hass. Medieval Selby: a new study of the Abbey and town 1069-1408 (Yorkshire Archaeological Society Occasional Paper 4). xii+142 pages, 18 illustrations. 2006. Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society; 1-9035-6445-X paperback £15+p&p. - Sharon E.J. Gerstel (ed.). Thresholds of the Sacred: Architectural, Art Historical, Liturgical, and Theological Perspectives on Religious Screens, East and West. ii+246 pages, 173 b&w & colour illustrations. 2006. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection/Harvard University Press; 978-0-88402-311-1 hardback £41.95. - Edward Norman. The Roman Catholic Church: An Illustrated History. 192 pages, 152 b&w & colour illustrations. 2007. London: Thames & Hudson; 978-0-500-251324 hardback £22.50. - Signe Horn Fuglesang & David M. Wilson (ed.). The Hoen Hoard: A Viking Gold Treasure of the Ninth Century (Acta Ad Archaeologiam et Artium Historiam Pertinentia Volumen XIV). 340 pages, 48 illustrations, 72 b&w & colour plates. 2006. Rome & Oslo: Bardi/Norwegiam Institute in Rome; 88-88620-21-4 hardback. - Per Lagerås. The Ecology of Expansion and Abandonment: Medieval and Post-Medieval Land-use and Settlement Dynamics in a Landscape Perspective. 256 pages, 52 illustrations, 14 tables. 2007. Lund: Riksantikvarieämbetet; 978-91-7209-441-3 paperback £12. - Dan Hicks & Mary C. Beaudry (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Historical Archaeology. xvi+404 pages, 31 illustrations, 1 table. 2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 978-0-521-85375-0 hardback £45 & $80; 978-0-521-61962-2 paperback £19.99 & $34.99.

Antiquity ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (312) ◽  
pp. 505-506
Author(s):  
Madeleine Hummler
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Harvard University ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Academic Press ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Settlement Dynamics ◽  
English Heritage

scholarly journals Implementation of the ideas of the Second Vatican Council by the Roman Catholic Church on the example of the Kyiv-Zhytomyr diocese

2013 ◽  
pp. 318-326
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Pyvovarskyy
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Church Life ◽  
Moral Crisis ◽  
Church Councils

2012 is 50 years since the beginning of the Second Vatican Council, which gave impetus to the processes of renewal of church life that would meet the needs of the present. Church councils throughout the years of existence of the Christian Church solved the questions of the truth of faith, the organization of church life. The twentieth century has become the age of globalization, epochal discoveries in the natural sciences, the exacerbation of environmental problems, the moral crisis of human society has become threatening scales. The fruits of the collective labor of the cathedral fathers - 4 constitutions, 9 decrees, 3 declarations - were supposed to answer the challenges of time, to explain church doctrine in the new realities of the present.

scholarly journals About Bishop’s photographs. The case of Vilnius Bishop Karol Hryniewicki

Menotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilma Žaltauskaitė
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Cultural Orientation ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Spiritual Authority ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

The article analyses identified photographs (as well as other images made using other techniques) of Vilnius Bishop Karol Hryniewicki (Hryniewiecki, resided in Vilnius in 1883–1885, in January of 1885 was exiled to Yaroslavl), attempts are made to find out their meanings in different socio-cultural contexts of Lithuania by the end of the 19th c. While exploring the Bishop’s photographs, the context of the Roman Catholic Church in the 19th century’s Russian Empire was evaluated. The diocese of Vilnius was an object of special policy of the secular authorities in the so-called Northwestern Krai, as it was not homogenous in the national as well as confessional aspect. In this diocese, the government attempted to change (and actually changed) the confessional and political-cultural orientation of Belarussian Catholics. Under such circumstances, being a spiritual authority, the Catholic Bishop was a clear competitor to the authority and power of the secular governance, therefore attempts were made to regulate and control his activities. The Bishop’s exile created additional meanings to his photographs in respect of believers and secular government, especially by the end of the 19th c. with strengthening nationalistic moods among Russians and others (Poles, Lithuanians). Therefore, the Bishop’s photographs also became a long-term and successful objet of commerce.

An Assessment of Long-Term and Contemporary Attitudes towards ‘Sanctity of Life’ Issues amongst Roman Catholics in Britain

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 269-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Clements
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Sanctity Of Life ◽  
Life Issues ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Roman Catholics

The Roman Catholic Church has long-standing and steadfast positions on ‘sanctity of life’ issues. This article examines the views of Catholics in Britain on two of these issues: assisted suicide and abortion. It looks at whether Catholics still retain distinctive views on these issues compared to wider society and then examines which socio-demographic and religious factors underpin their attitudes. Catholics tend to be more likely than the general population to oppose assisted suicide and abortion in particular circumstances and to view them as less morally justifiable. Amongst Catholics, socially-conservative views on these issues are associated with various socio-demographic factors and both believing and behaving aspects of religiosity.

What is the Personal Ordinariate? Canonical and Liturgical Observations

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Hill
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Pope Benedict Xvi ◽  
Benedict Xvi ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Relationship

Questions have arisen as to the manner of the publication on 9 November 2009 of Anglicanorum coetibus, the Apostolic Constitution Providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church. What is clear is that the views of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, under Cardinal Walter Kasper, were given less weight than ought to be expected and that both the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of Westminster were informed at only a late stage. More assuring for the long term, Cardinal Kasper has stated that this provision is not a new form of ecumenism. Significantly, the Vatican statement following the meeting between the Archbishop of Canterbury and Pope Benedict XVI in Rome on 21 November reiterated ‘the shared will to continue and consolidate’ the relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and the Churches of the Anglican Communion and noted approvingly that the details of the third phase of ARCIC would be discussed at informal talks with Anglican representatives in the days following the Archbishop's visit to the Pope. Whatever else the Ordinariate may be, it is not a substitute for that ‘serious dialogue’ established by Archbishop Michael Ramsey and Pope Paul VI which has as its continued goal, despite obstacles ancient and modern, the restoration of ‘complete communion of faith and sacramental life’ between us.

In the Absence of Priests: Young Women as Apostles to the Poor, Chile 1922–1932

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertrude M. Yeager
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
The Poor

The Roman Catholic Church in Chile first acknowledged its inability to pastor its flock in the 1920s because of an acute shortage of priests. Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga, SJ addressed the clerical crisis in a 1936 article,La Crisis Sacerdotal en Chile. When critics found his analysis “exaggerated,” he conducted a survey of Chilean religious practices and published the findings in a controversial essay entitledEs Chile un país católico?which is said to have earned him the wrath of the hierarchy because it called attention to the woeful neglect of pastoral duties especially among the rural and working class populations. This empirical data demonstrated that the Catholic Church in Chile had 1615 priests, of whom 780 were secular and 835 regular clergy; of the same 1615 priests 915 were Chilean and 700 were foreigners. There were 451 parishes, some of which contained several towns and villages scattered over a thousand square kilometers with 10,000 parishioners to be ministered to by a single priest. Hurtado's solution—a larger and better-educated clergy—was a long-term solution to an urgent problem that would never be achieved. Something had to be done immediately to keep the faith alive. In the gendered world of Chilean Catholicism, the task of preserving the faith fell to young laywomen.

scholarly journals Other Considerations

2021 ◽  
pp. 347-352
Author(s):  
Jason García Portilla
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Cultural Influence ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Educational Differences ◽  
God's Word ◽  
King James Bible ◽  
Roman Catholics

AbstractThis chapter examines further considerations derived from the research.Institutional factors related to religion exert a stronger structural and long-term influence on prosperity (competitiveness and corruption) than the cultural influence of religion (adherents).Prosperity and educational differences between Protestants (higher) and Roman Catholics (lower) are still evident in Germany and Switzerland. Such differences are even more prominent comparing national levels (cross-country) throughout Europe and the Americas.Thousands of years of hegemony characterise the Roman Catholic Church as a global political-religious institution. The associated corruption in all the countries under its influence may well be related to the corrupt fruits for which “we shall know them” in the parable of Jesus (King James Bible, 1769, Matthew 7:15–23). Among others, these fruits have also been the abuse scandals, maintenance of ignorance, and persecution of God’s Word, in the name of Jesus Christ.The results of this study open up various avenues for future research. The QCA evidence generated here allows further analysis of every country in Europe and the Americas. Future research might also continue to apply the vast amount of information collected and already codified in this study.

Canon Law

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Peters ◽  
Melodie H. Eichbauer
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Collective Decisions

Canon law began as sets of norms for the regulation of Christian conduct in the world and the relations of Christians with each other. These were based on principles derived from scripture, the influence of respected teachers such as St. Paul, the decisions of ecclesiastical assemblies called synods or councils, and papal decretals. These norms were called canons, rather than laws. The term canon translates the Greek κανών, meaning a carpenter’s straight-edge and, by extension, a guide or rule. Decretals, or letters, were responses of the pope to questions posed to him regarding Church doctrine. While relevant only to that particular circumstance, papal decretals, over time, came to be regarded as binding for all of Christendom. Church councils sought to standardize doctrine, liturgy, and legal norms by the collective decisions of assembled bishops, but regional ecclesiastical identities endured, particularly in the person of the independent local bishop governing his own church with its own customs, in the increasing distinction between clergy and laity, and in the development of a clerical hierarchy. Regional and local councils, presided over by bishops, could either adapt or repeat canons issued at ecumenical councils depending upon the needs. Collections of canons, always privately compiled—until the Liber Extra Decretalium of Pope Gregory IX (r. 1227–1241) in 1234—and adopted for use by regional churches, were arranged either chronologically according to the assumed dates of their texts or systematically according to topics treated. The Greek Christian church adopted the term nomocanon to designate its canons that were approved by the Byzantine emperor and thereby became νομοι, laws. The Latin Christian church called its laws ius canonicum as a parallel, but not dependent, legal system to the study of Roman law. The shift from collections of texts to a legal science—whereby one went to Bologna or Paris, for example, for the specific purpose of studying law—occurred during the classical period, from shortly before 1140 to 1375, beginning with the almost universal adoption of the work of the canonist Gratian, the Decretum. During this period—frequently referred to as the classical period—the doctrine of papal judicial supremacy emerged, and papal legal decisions became the primary source of canon law. In the law books produced during the classical period, canon law acquired a form and structured that remained in effect in the Roman Catholic Church until 1917–1918. Parts of it were adopted in other Christian confessions from the 16th century.

Religious Labor Markets

2014 ◽  
pp. 471-488
Author(s):  
Ian Smith
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Incentive Structures ◽  
Pentecostal Churches ◽  
Monitoring Quality

Given the pivotal role of clergy inputs in church outputs, it is important to understand religious labor markets: how clergy are allocated to churches, how they are motivated and remunerated, and the implications of these factors for the performance of churches and denominations. Religious labor markets have particular characteristics. Like other motivated agents, clergy’s sense of call conditions their contractual and incentive structures. They have an unusual degree of discretion over time and for many important tasks, such as prayer and sensitive pastoral counseling, monitoring quality and quantity is difficult. Performance evaluation is further complicated by the importance of volunteers and teamwork for outcomes. Denominational governance structures, ranging from the centralized control of the Roman Catholic Church to the local congregational autonomy of Pentecostal churches, greatly affect clergy employment arrangements and incentives. Long-term labor market trends include the feminization of the clergy and problems in recruitment and retention.

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