Productivity and nitrogen use of maize as affected by in situ and ex situ green manuring in major and minor seasons of tropical Asia

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Sangakkara ◽  
P. Stamp
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Green Manuring ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
N Use

Green manuring is considered an important agronomic practice for smallholder farming systems in the tropics. Different species of legumes and non-legumes are applied either as ex situ or in situ green manures. Thus a field study conducted under rainfed conditions in Sri Lanka compared the effect of in situ and ex situ green manuring using two popular green manures ( Crotolaria juncea — a legume and Tithonia diversifolia — a non-legume) on the growth, seed yield and N use pattern of maize ( Zea mays ), the most popular upland cereal in the Asian tropics, grown with high and low N rates, in the two seasons that correspond to the monsoonal rains. In situ green manuring, especially with crotolaria, increased the growth, seed yield and N use efficiency of maize when compared to the ex situ addition of similar quantities of the green manure. The impact was also greater in the minor season, when the crop was subjected to moisture stress conditions. The benefits of in situ green manuring with tithonia were lower than those due to crotolaria. In situ green manuring with tithonia also led to a greater increase in growth, seed yield and N use efficiency in maize compared to ex situ green manuring with this species. The green manures, especially in situ application, also increased the benefits of enhanced rates of N fertilizer to the crops in both seasons, with greater use efficiency in the major season. The study showed the benefits of green manuring (both in and ex situ ) for obtaining higher yields of maize in the growing seasons of the Asian tropics, especially the in situ application of legume species.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on seed yield, N uptake, N use efficiency, and seed quality of Brassica carinata

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Johnson ◽  
S. S. Malhi ◽  
L. M. Hall ◽  
S. Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Brassica Carinata ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Use

Johnson, E. N., Malhi, S. S., Hall, L. M. and Phelps, S. 2013. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on seed yield, N uptake, N use efficiency, and seed quality of Brassica carinata . Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1073–1081. Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is a relatively new crop in western Canada and research information on its response to N fertilizer is lacking. Two field experiments (exp. 1 at 3 site-years and exp. 2 at 4 site-years) were conducted from 2008 to 2010 in Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada, to determine effect of N fertilizer application on Brassica carinata plant density, seed and straw yield, N uptake in seed and straw, N use efficiency (NUE), N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE) and seed quality. N rates applied were 0 to 160 kg N ha−1 and 0 to 200 kg N ha−1 in exps. 1 and 2, respectively. Plant density was not affected by increasing N rate at 5 site-years but declined with high rates of N application at 2 site-years. Seed yield responded to applied N in 6 of 7 site-years, with the non-responsive site having a high total N uptake at the 0 kg N ha−1 rate (high Nt value). There were no sites where seed yields were maximized with the N rates applied. Response trends of straw yield and N uptake were similar to that of seed yield at the corresponding site-years. NUE and NFUE generally declined as N rate increased. Protein concentration in seed generally increased and oil concentration in seed decreased with increasing N rates. In conclusion, the responses of seed yield, total N uptake, NUE, and NFUE to applied N was similar to those reported in other Brassica species with the exception that a rate was not identified in which Brassica carinata yields were maximized.

scholarly journals Regulatory effect of phosphorus and nitrogen on nodulation and plant performance of leguminous shrubs

AoB Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Míguez-Montero ◽  
A Valentine ◽  
M A Pérez-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
P Use Efficiency ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Inoculation Treatment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
P Supply ◽  
N Use

Abstract The impact of phosphorus (P) nutrition on plant growth, symbiotic N2 fixation, and phosphorus and nitrogen use and their assimilation was investigated in four leguminous plants of the genus Cytisus. Plants inoculated with Rhizobium strains isolated from plants of the four species growing in the wild were crop under controlled conditions in soils with either low P (5 µM) or high P (500 µM). The experiment was replicated in the presence and absence of plant irrigation to test for the effects of drought stress of inoculated and non-inoculated plants under the two P levels of fertilization. P-low treatments increased nodule production while plant biomass and shoot and root P and N contents were maximum at sufficient P. The reduction of P in the soil clearly induced biological nitrogen fixation and greater phosphorus and nitrogen uptake efficiencies, as shown by the total N and P accumulated in plants. Similarly, distinct tolerances to drought support this idea. Cytisus balansae had the lowest tolerance to water scarcity. Cytisus multiflorus and Cytisus scoparius were the most resistant species to drought, with this resistance enhanced in the inoculated plants. In the four species, the inoculation treatment clearly enhanced N-use efficiency, whereas P-use efficiency was greater in the non-inoculated plants in the irrigated treatment. With a P-induced demand for N, the plants nodulated prolifically and increased N supply from biological fixation. The physiological basis for N2-fixing C. scoparius and C. striatus maintaining growth at low P supply and responding to greater P supply is through balanced acquisition of P and N for plant demand. Native shrubby legumes are key species in natural ecosystems due to their capability to increase the net N budget in plants and soils and because they modulate the phosphorus availability. Four legumes in the genus Cytisus either native to or commonly represented in the Iberian Peninsula proved to be able shift their N use depending on the soil P availability and on the interactions established with their Bradyrhizobium symbionts. In the four species the inoculation treatment clearly enhanced N-use efficiency and drought tolerance, whereas P-use efficiency was greater in the non-inoculated plants in the irrigated treatment.

Process-based modelling to understand the impact of ryegrass diversity on production and leaching from grazed grass-clover dairy pastures

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. O. Snow ◽  
P. N. Smale ◽  
M. B. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Diversity Effect ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
N Use

Ecological studies often suggest that natural grasslands with high species diversity will grow more biomass and leach less nitrogen (N). If this diversity effect also applies to fertilised and irrigated pastures with controlled removal of herbage, it might be exploited to design pastures that can assist the dairy industry to maintain production while reducing N leaching losses. The purpose of this study was to test whether pasture mixtures with a high functional diversity in ryegrass traits will confer on the system higher water- and N-use efficiency. The hypothesis was tested using a process-based model in which pasture mixtures were created with varying levels of diversity in ryegrass traits likely to affect pasture growth. Those traits were: the winter- or summer-dominance of growth, the ability of the plant to intercept radiation at low pasture mass, and rooting depth. Pasture production, leaching and water- and N-use efficiency were simulated for management typical of a dairy pasture. We found that the performance of the diverse ryegrass–clover mixtures was more strongly associated with the performance of the individual components than with the diversity across the components. Diverse pasture mixtures may confer other benefits, e.g. pest or disease resistance and pasture persistence. The testing here was within a selection of ryegrasses, and the greater possible diversity across species may produce different effects. However, these results suggest that highly performing pastures under fertilised and irrigated grazed conditions are best constructed by selecting components that perform well individually than by deliberately introducing diversity between components.

Mineral and slurry nitrogen effects on yield, N uptake, and apparent N-use efficiency of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. SIELING ◽  
H. SCHRÖDER ◽  
H. HANUS
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

In NW Europe, autumn-grown oilseed rape normally receives nitrogen (N) in autumn as seedbed N and in the spring as a split application at the beginning of growth and at stem elongation. In the growing seasons 1990/91 to 1992/93, the effects of slurry and mineral N fertilization on yield, N uptake by the seed and apparent N-use efficiency (NUE) by oilseed rape (Brassica napus) were investigated in a factorial field experiment at Hohenschulen Experimental Station near Kiel, NW Germany. The crop rotation was oilseed rape–winter wheat–winter barley, and soil tillage (conservation tillage without ploughing, conventional tillage), application of pig slurry (none, autumn, spring, autumn+spring) and mineral N fertilization (0 to 200 kg N ha−1) were all varied. Each year, the treatments were applied to all three crops of the rotation and were located on the same plots.Between the years, average seed yield ranged from 3·04 to 3·78 t ha−1, while the corresponding N uptake by the seed varied from 107 to 131 kg N ha−1. Slurry application in spring increased the seed yield and N uptake by the seed in all years, whereas the effect of autumn slurry alone or in combination with spring slurry was negligible. Mineral N fertilizer increased seed yield and N uptake by the seeds except in 1991/92, when N amounts exceeded 160 kg N ha−1. No significant slurry×mineral N interaction occurred. Apparent NUE of mineral N was larger than that of slurry N, but decreased with increasing mineral fertilizer N rates. Only 5% of the autumn slurry N was apparently utilized by the seeds, compared with 24% of the spring slurry N.Despite its ability to take up substantial quantities of N before the winter, oilseed rape utilized very little autumn slurry N for seed production. To minimize environmental impacts, slurry should be applied in the spring, when plants are more able to use N for yield formation, even if NUE of slurry N is lower than that of mineral N. However, since NUE changes with the amount of applied N, it is difficult to find the best combination of slurry and mineral N fertilization to avoid negative environmental effects.

Nitrogen limitation in high-yield soybean: Seed yield, N accumulation, and N-use efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Cafaro La Menza ◽  
Juan Pablo Monzon ◽  
James E. Specht ◽  
John L. Lindquist ◽  
Timothy J. Arkebauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Limitation ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
High Yield ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

scholarly journals Impact of Level of Nitrogen Fertilization and Critical Period for Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 909
Author(s):  
Ali A. A. Mekdad ◽  
Moamen M. Abou El-Enin ◽  
Mostafa M. Rady ◽  
Fahmy A.S. Hassan ◽  
Esmat F. Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

To avoid competing with economical plants, weed control must be implemented with a clean and appropriate strategy. Since the efficiency of leguminous crops in biological fixation of the atmospheric N2 is severely affected when grown under stressful conditions (the soil tested in this study was salt-affected; ECe = 8.99 dS m−1), an appropriate level of N fertilization should also be applied. Two field trials were performed in the 2018 and 2019 seasons to investigate the influences of soil-applied nitrogen (N) levels [48 (N1), 96 (N2), and 144 kg N ha−1 (N3)] and critical timing of weed removal (CTWR) on weed control efficiency, improving weed control, yield traits, and quality attributes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Each trial was conducted with three replicates and planned according to a split-plot in a completely randomized design. The results revealed that N levels had significant (p ≤ 0.01) variations for the dry weight of all weeds tested (narrow-leaved, broad-leaved, and total annual weeds), pods and seed weight and yields, N use efficiency, and oil and protein yields (t ha−1) in peanut in both seasons. N3 outperformed both N1 and N2 with respect to the above-mentioned traits, however, it decreased N use efficiency and seed oil content compared to N1 and N2, respectively. Dry weight of weeds and seed harvest index were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased, while seed oil and protein contents, N use efficiency, and yields of pods, seeds, and protein were decreased, with increased weed interference (with peanut plants) period in both seasons. In both seasons, the interaction effect of N × W (weed removal time) was significant (p ≤ 0.01) on the dry weight of weeds and peanut traits, including seed oil content, N use efficiency, and yields of pods, seeds, and protein, and their highest values were obtained with N3 × W6 (weed-free for the whole season). The CTWR had growing degree days (GDDs) of 221.4 and 189. These two GDDs each corresponded to 2 weeks after emergence (WAE) in both growing seasons. The critical weed-free period (CWFP) had GDDs of 1400 and 1380. These two GDDs corresponded to 9.5 and 10 WAE, respectively. The combination of CTWR and CWFP resulted in a critical period of weed control (CPWC) of 2–9.5 and 2–10 WAE in both growing seasons, respectively, for the peanut crop with an acceptable yield loss of 5%. A high positive (p ≤ 0.01) correlation was noted between oil yield and seed yield (r = 0.999 ** and 0.999 **). However, a high negative (p ≤ 0.01) correlation (r = −0.723 ** and −0.711 **) was found between dry total annual weeds and seed weight in the first and second seasons, respectively. The stepwise regression analysis revealed high significant participation of two traits (i.e., seed yield and oil content) and three traits (i.e., seed yield, oil content, and weight of seeds) in the variations in oil yield in the first and second seasons, respectively. These results recommend the use of N fertilization at a rate of 144 kg N ha−1 in conjunction with keeping the soil free of weeds throughout the season to maximize peanut productivity under saline (8.99 dS m−1) conditions.

Impacts of high intensity crop rotation and N management on oilseed rape productivity in Germany

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Hegewald ◽  
Barbara Koblenz ◽  
Monika Wensch-Dorendorf ◽  
Olaf Christen
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Preceding Crop ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Use

A rotational field experiment was established in the year 2002 at the experimental farm Etzdorf in the Hercynian dry region of central Germany. Since 2005 field measured datasets were used to determine the effect of different preceding crop combinations and different nitrogen (N) fertilisation treatments on the seed yield, oil content, oil yield and N-use efficiency of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). The preceding crop combinations compared were winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-winter wheat (WW), WW-oilseed rape (OSR), OSR-OSR and an OSR monoculture. In addition to the preceding crop combination, N fertiliser treatments with either 120 kg N ha–1 or 180 kg N ha–1 were established in the year 2013. Overall the results demonstrated that seed yield, oil yield and N-use efficiency all declined with an increased cropping intensity for the period 2005–2012. Higher N rates in the 2013–2014 seasons increased seed yield and oil yield when OSR followed WW-WW pre-crops. OSR monoculture had lowest yield independent of applied N. Seed yield declined from 4.61 t ha–1 (OSR following WW-WW) to 4.28 t ha–1 in the OSR monoculture with 120 kg N ha–1, and from 4.81 t ha–1 (following WW-WW) to 4.42 t ha–1 in the OSR monoculture with 180 kg N ha–1. Higher N rates generally reduced N-use efficiency, with highest N-efficiency for WW-WW-OSR (38.4 kg kg–1), and lowest for continuous OSR receiving 180 kg N ha–1 (24.5 kg kg–1). These results emphasise the importance of crop rotation to maintain seed yield and oil yield of oilseed rape, and to maximise the response to applied N. A reduced N rate increased N-use efficiency and reduced the risk of high N surpluses without a significant/equivalent decrease of the seed yield when the rotation was optimised.

The impact of urease inhibitor on the bioavailability of nitrogen in urea and in comparison with other nitrogen sources in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Dawar ◽  
M. Zaman ◽  
J. S. Rowarth ◽  
J. Blennerhassett ◽  
M. H. Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
N Use

Improving nitrogen (N)-use efficiency of applied urea is critical to maximise its uptake and decrease environmental impact. Two glasshouse-based studies were conducted to investigate the potential of incorporating urea fertiliser with urease inhibitor (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) or ‘Agrotain’) to enhance fertiliser N uptake efficiency. Topsoil (0–0.075 m, Typic Haplustepts silt loam) from a pasture site near Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand, was collected and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was grown from seed in standard plant trays maintained at soil moisture contents of 75–80% field capacity. Urea, Agrotain-treated urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, or sodium nitrate, were applied in granular form at rates equivalent to 25 or 50 kg N/ha with 4 replicates. Herbage was harvested 21 and 42 days after application of treatments to assess dry matter (DM) production, N uptake, leaf amino acid, ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3–) concentrations, and nitrate reductase activity (NRA). In a separate pot experiment, granular 15N urea (10 atom%) with or without Agrotain was applied to ryegrass at 25 kg N/ha. At 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 21 days after treatment application, 3 pots per treatment were destructively sampled to determine urea hydrolysis, herbage DM, and 15N uptake. In both experiments, Agrotain-treated urea improved bio-availability of added N and resulted in significantly higher herbage DM yield and N uptake than urea alone or other forms of N fertilisers. Agrotain-treated urea applied at 25 kg N/ha increased N response by 66% compared with urea alone (and by greater proportions compared with the other fertiliser forms). Agrotain-treated urea applied at 25 kg N/ha produced significantly higher uptake efficiency (13 g DM/g of applied N) than at 50 kg N/ha (5 g DM/g of applied N). Tissue amino acids, NH4+ and NO3– contents, and NRA were not significantly influenced by any type of fertiliser. Results from the 15N experiment support the suggestion that a delay in urea hydrolysis by Agrotain provided an opportunity for direct plant uptake of an increased proportion of the applied urea-N than in the case of urea alone. Treating urea with Agrotain thus has the potential to increase N-use efficiency and herbage production.

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