Effect of weak electromagnetic field on cardiac work, concentration of thyroid hormones and blood aminotransferase level in the chick embryo

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Pawlak ◽  
Andrzej Sechman ◽  
Zenon Nieckarz ◽  
Dorota Wojtysiak
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Cardiac Work ◽  
First Time

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of alternating electromagnetic field (EMF; 50 Hz frequency, 50 and 100 μT induction) on cardiac work of the chick embryo. Eggs from the experimental groups were exposed to EMF throughout incubation. During the experiment, heart rate (ballistocardiographic method), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations, heart weight, ventricle wall thickness, and levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. The results show, for the first time, that the exposure of chick embryos to EMF augments the heart rate, especially from 17 days of incubation. The increased heart rate in the embryos exposed to EMF was associated with considerable increases in plasma T4and T3concentrations, which were recorded during the final stage of embryogenesis. The significant effect of the 100-μT field on heart weight and blood AST levels in the embryos suggests that EMF has a direct effect on the physiological function of cardiac muscle.

Effect of a single injection of prolactin on the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and corticosterone and liver monodeiodinase in the domestic fowl before and after hatching

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Decuypere ◽  
E. R. Kühn
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Chicken Serum ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ovine Prolactin ◽  
Corticosterone Release

ABSTRACT The influence of an intravenous injection of ovine prolactin on the liver monodeiodinase activity and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and corticosterone was studied in Hisex embryos and chicks after hatching. An injection of 1 and 10 μg ovine prolactin into 18-day-old chick embryos increased serum concentrations of tri-iodothyronine (T3) five-and eightfold respectively after 2 h. At the same time serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and reverse T3 (rT3) were decreased in the chick embryo, but only with 10 μg prolactin. This was accompanied by a doubling of the liver monodeiodinase activity. Serum concentrations of corticosterone, however, were not influenced by the prolactin injections. In the 5-day-old chicken, serum concentrations of T3, rT3, T4 and liver T4-5′-monodeiodinase activity were not influenced by 1 or 10 μg prolactin. Serum concentrations of corticosterone after injection of 1 or 10 μg prolactin were doubled compared with controls. These results are compatible with a prolactin-induced shift from a T4-5-monodeiodination into a T4-5′-monodeiodination in the liver at the end of incubation. This effect, however, is not mediated through a prolactin-induced corticosterone release. J. Endocr. (1985) 104, 363–366

scholarly journals Pre-Incubation and its Effect on the Development and Malformations of The Chick Embryo

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
L. Janikovičová ◽  
Z. Demčišáková ◽  
L. Luptáková ◽  
Petrovová E
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Hatching Eggs ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of eggs stored with and without pre-incubation on chick embryos with emphasis on: embryo body, heart weight, malformations, and mortality. For this study, a total of 120 chick embryos were divided into three groups, based on the length of storage before hatching (3, 7 and 10 days). Observations of the weight of chick embryo bodies, chick embryo hearts, and the level of mortality and appearance of malformations were noted. With an increase in days stored, the chick embryo’s weight decreased. The pre-incubation period had a positive effect on the weight of chick embryo, and chick hearts. Malformations, including: hydrocephalus, open body cavity and underdeveloped wings, were observed in all three groups, with the highest proportion seen in the pre-incubated hatching eggs stored for 10 days; this group also displayed the highest level of mortality. Non-pre-incubated eggs showed the most promise with better results in all experimental groups. In conclusion, the research suggests the optimal storage for chick embryos to be 3 days, with lowest levels of mortality, malformations and limited effects on the body and heart weight.

scholarly journals ID: 1088 Experimental culturing of chick embryo in shell-less culture system – the first research in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (S) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Quy Xuan Nguyen ◽  
Long Thanh Dang
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Calcium Lactate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
First Time

Chick embryo is an ideal model with numerous applications in biomedical research. Among a variety of methods have been carried out for culturing chick embryos, shell-less culture system has a large number of advantages on accessibility, observation and manipulation. In this study, chick embryos were transferred to the shell-less culture system and the development of the chick embryos were assessed. Correlation between the diameter of sinus terminalis on the surface of yolk sac and viability of the embryos would be evaluated. In addition, calcium lactate was added to the culture system in order to find out the optimal amount. After the experiments, results showed that there was no difference between embryos in shell-less culture system and traditional method during incubation period. Secondly, the proportion of live chick embryos until embryonic day 17 reached the highest rate at 87,5% when the diameter of sinus terminalis was between 16 and 21 mm. At last, there was no significant difference between the group with 250 mg calcium lactate supplemented as compared to no supplemented group. Calcium lactate had a lethal effect on chick embryos when the supplemented content was 550 mg. In conclusion, the shell-less culture system could be able to allow the survival of chick embryos until day 21, with high rate in day 17. Besides, this has been the very first time the shell-less culture system was performed in Vietnam.

Measurement of blood pressure of chick embryo with an implanted needle catheter

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tazawa
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Hypodermic Needle ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Polyethylene Tube ◽  
Physiological Values

A catheter, consisting of a hypodermic needle and polyethylene tube, was implanted in the allantoic artery and/or vein of chick embryos ranging in incubation ages from 13 to 17 days. The procedure was performed through a small hole opened in the shell (less than 1 cm2). The hole was covered after implantation of the catheter, ensuring the adequate gas exchange by the chorioallantois and physiological values of blood gases. Blood pressure was measured with an electromanometric transducer. The arterial pressure lacked a dicrotic elevation. Both the systolic and diastolic pressures increased markedly with days of incubation, but the heart rate showed no significant change. The venous pressure was pulsatile in some eggs, and the pulsations became prominent after administration of epinephrine.

scholarly journals Identification of increased amounts of UDP-glucuronyltransferase protein in phenobarbital-treated chick-embryo liver cells

1983 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Burchell ◽  
G J Pratt ◽  
I Duffy ◽  
L West
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Microsomal Fraction ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryo Liver ◽  
Liver Microsomal Fraction ◽  
First Time

UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity of neonatal-chick liver or phenobarbital-treated chick-embryo liver catalysed the glucuronidation of 1-naphthol, 4-nitrophenol and 2-aminophenol. Only low transferase activity towards testosterone was detected, and activity towards bilirubin was not detectable. Liver microsomal transferase activity towards the three phenols was increased approx. 20-50-fold by phenobarbital treatment of chick embryos or by transfer of liver cells into tissue culture. A single form of UDP-glucuronyltransferase, which appears to catalyse the glucuronidation of these three phenols, was purified to near homogeneity from phenobarbital-treated chick-embryo liver microsomal fraction for the first time. The use of this purified enzyme as a standard protein facilitated the identification of this protein in chick-embryo liver microsomal fraction. Further, the accumulation of this microsomal protein was observed following phenobarbital treatment of chick embryos and during tissue culture of chick-embryo liver cells. The value of this model system for the study of the induction of UDP-glucuronyltransferase by drugs and hormones is discussed.

Evidence that blood pressure controls heart rate in the chick embryo prior to neural control

Development ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-695
Author(s):  
G. M. Rajala ◽  
J. H. Kalbfleisch ◽  
S. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Isolated Heart ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Isolated Hearts ◽  
Increased Pressure

Blood pressure increases will increase heart rate in intact chick embryos, prior to tne development of neural control. Similarly, in surgically isolated hearts, increases in intraventricular fluid pressure will increase the rate of beat. However, fluid pressure applied equally to both interior and exterior surfaces of the isolated heart does not result in increased heart rate. Therefore, we conclude that the increased pressure stretches the heart muscle and that this stretch stimulates the increased heart rate. While heart rate is clearly influenced by blood pressure, the reverse is not true. Propranolol reduces the heart rate to about half normal in intact embryos but does not significantly alter the blood pressure.

Effect of O2 and CO2 in N2, He, and SF6 on chick embryo blood pressure and heart rate

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tazawa
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Respiratory Gas Exchange ◽  
Made In

Arterial pressure of chick embryos was measured electromanometrically to investigate the effect of altered gaseous environments on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). The experiments were made in eggs incubated for 14–16 days at 38 degrees C without impeding the diffusive respiratory gas exchange through the shell and chorioallantois. In air, the HR was counted 260–270 beats/min and the BP increased from 14/7 Torr at day 14 to 21/12 Torr at day 16. Both the BP and HR decreased with hypoxia, whereas hyperoxia affected a slight increase in BP and little change in HR. Hypercapnia decreased the HR and tended to enhance a systolic maximum pressure. The effect of hypoxia was augmented markedly in the presence of hypercapnia and vice versa. When N2 was replaced with helium (He), the effect of hypoxia was mitigated significantly. On the contrary, replacement of N2 with sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) augmented the effect of hypoxia. Because the respiratory gas exchange of the egg takes place by diffusion through the shell and chorioallantoic capillaries, the effect of He and SF6 atmospheres on BP and HR is attributed to an altered diffusivity of O2 and CO2 in these inert gases.

A Novel Scheme for the Synthesis of 21-Acetoxypregna-1,4,9(11)-triene- 17α,21-diol-3,20-dione from 9α-Hydroxyandrostenedione

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 606-610
Author(s):  
Nguyen T. Diep ◽  
Luu D. Huy
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Entire Process ◽  
Drug Synthesis ◽  
First Time

Background: Vietnam currently imports up to 90% of the pharmaceuticals it consumes and 100% of the steroid-based pharmaceuticals. The ability for efficient chemical synthesis of the steroids could create commercial opportunities to address this issue. Synthesis of 21-acetoxypregna-1,4,9(11)- triene-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione is considered a key intermediate in the scheme of steroidal drug synthesis. Previous synthesis attempts of such steroids (corticoids) introduce a double bond at C-1(2) in the final stage of synthesis, which delivers a poor yield and reduces the economic efficiency of the process. Objective: To study and develop a novel and effective method for the synthesis of 21-acetoxypregna- 1,4,9(11)-triene-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione. Methods: Using 9α-hydroxyandrostenedione as a substrate chemical synthesis was performed as follows: pregnane side chain construction at C-17 (acetylene method), introduction of C-1(2) double bond (using SeO2), epimerization of C-17 (via 17-ONO2 ester) and Stork’s iodination. Results: 21-acetoxypregna-1,4,9(11)-triene-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione was prepared from 9α- hydroxyandrostenedione with an improved yield compared to previous attempts. Conclusion: Here, 21-acetoxypregna-1,4,9(11)-triene-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione has been synthesized from 9α-hydroxyandrostenedione based on a novel, effective and commercially feasible scheme. The introduction of the C-1(2) double bond at an earlier stage of the synthesis has increased the economic efficiency of the entire process. For the first time, the indirect epimerization mechanism has been clarified along with the configuration of the C-17 stereo-center which has been confirmed using NOESY data.

Ultrastructural studies of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC variant strains. I. Ultrastructure of the surface layers of egg-passaged 6BC strain

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 887-894
Author(s):  
Linda Poffenroth ◽  
J. W. Costerton ◽  
Nonna Kordová ◽  
John C. Wilt
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Chlamydia Psittaci ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
First Time

Electron microscopic examination of a semipurified Chlamydia psittaci 6BC strain attenuated in chick embryo yolk sac revealed for the first time two morphologically distinct small elementary bodies which differ both in the ultrastructure of their surface layers and in their buoyant densities in sucrose gradients. Also, the morphology of the surface layers of the larger reticulate forms in cell-free systems is described for the first time. Many points of difference between the surface envelopes and internal structure of chlamydial particles and those of Gram-negative bacteria are discussed.

scholarly journals A Meningo-Leucoencephalomyelitis Resembling Visna in Dutch Zwoeger Sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 401-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Ressang ◽  
F. C. Stam ◽  
G. F. De Boer
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Chronic Condition ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Terminal Stage ◽  
Icelandic Sheep ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Secondary Demyelination ◽  
First Time

Zwoegerziekte is a disease in Dutch sheep which morphologically closely resembles an Icelandic sheep disease, Maedi2. Chronic lung affection and emaciation are the principal symptoms of both diseases. Visna is another chronic condition in Icelandic sheep affecting mainly the C.N.S. A virus has been isolated from sheep affected with Maedi or Visna and a close relationship in properties has been found between both viruses. In two Dutch sheep autopsied in the final stage of Zwoegerziekte, lesions were present in the C.N.S., which histologically resembled those in Visna. Another sheep slaughtered at the municipal abattoir, with lung lesions characteristic for the terminal stage of Zwoegerziekte, exhibited early cerebral lesions resembling Visna. The lesions in the C.N.S. of these three sheep were meningitis and severe encephalomyelitis of the glial type affecting the white matter. Secondary demyelination was striking. Though Zwoegerziekte has been known for several decades in the Netherlands, the accompanying C.N.S. lesions are described for the first time.

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