Reassessing Bronze Age Manufacturing Technologies at Nuzi

2007 ◽  
Vol 1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Shortland ◽  
Katherine Eremin ◽  
Susanna Kirk ◽  
James Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Metal Artifacts ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Important Site

AbstractThe Hurrian city of Nuzi, in modern Iraq, was an important site during the Mesopotamian Bronze Age. Excavations in the late 20s and early 30s yielded a large and important assemblage of glass and other vitreous materials and smaller but significant assemblages of metals and ceramics. Although the vitreous materials have been widely studied in the past, the other assemblages have received little attention. However a recent study of some metal artifacts indicated the presence of brass and dirty copper rather than the expected bronze. This study was, however, limited to a few objects and the proportions of the different alloys was not investigated. Recent analytical studies on the glass beads have highlighted compositional differences between Egyptian and Mesopotamian glass and attempted to link these to the raw materials used. The lack of significant tin or zinc in glasses colored with copper is interesting given the presence of brass and the apparent scarcity of bronze in the copper alloys. The current study involves reassessment of the entire assemblage, concentrating initially on the vitreous materials, glazes and metals. Variations in preservation across the site and within individual buildings are currently being examined. Full characterization of the assemblages will allow relationships between different manufacturing technologies and the raw materials needed to be investigated.

The Characterization of Obsidian and its application to the Mediterranean Region

1964 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 111-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Cann ◽  
Colin Renfrew
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
Characterization Study ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Materials Used

Evidence of contact between cultural groups is of great importance to the study of prehistory. Although the development of absolute dating methods has decreased our dependence on the discovery of such contacts for chronology, they are essential material when the origin and spread of culture is being studied. In the past, cultural contacts have generally been demonstrated by typological similarities of artifacts, but unfortunately many typological comparisons are open to discussion, and it can be exceedingly difficult to be certain of direct contact by this means alone.The importance in this respect of the study of raw materials used in places far from their place of origin and presumably deliberately imported has long been realized. Recently more attention has been paid to the careful characterization of such materials; the detection, that is, of properties of the specimen under study which are characteristic of material from particular sources. By this means it is often possible to assign a source to a given specimen. The petrological identification of British neolithic stone axes is perhaps the most comprehensive archaeological characterization study yet undertaken. Demonstrations of trading links made by such methods, if based on a sure identification and a comprehensive survey of possible sources, are not open to the criticism and doubt which may be directed at typological similarities. The variety of techniques now available for the analysis and identification of materials makes this field a promising one for the archaeologist.

scholarly journals The Interdisciplinary Approach of Some Middle Bronze Age Pottery from Eastern Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4885
Author(s):  
Ana Drob ◽  
Viorica Vasilache ◽  
Neculai Bolohan
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
The Past ◽  
Prehistoric Pottery ◽  
Type Size ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies

Prehistoric pottery is the most abundant material discovered in archaeological sites and represents the main element of knowledge about human communities from the past. This study presents a model of interdisciplinary investigation of pottery through several types of analyses, enabling the scientific study of this category of artifacts. The analyses were performed on 11 ceramic fragments from the Middle Bronze Age settlement of Piatra Neamț–Lutărie, Eastern Romania, considering information about the color, production technique, type, size, functionality and category of the vessel, but also data related to ceramic paste inclusions. The samples were studied by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (µFTIR). The results obtained provide important information regarding pottery manufacturing technologies, such as sources of the raw materials and firing temperatures, and revealed the functionality of various vessel categories within a prehistoric settlement.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

Characterization of clays from the Foumban region (west Cameroon) and evaluation for refractory brick manufacture

Clay Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-457
Author(s):  
A. Pountouenchi ◽  
D. Njoya ◽  
A. Njoya ◽  
D. Rabibisao ◽  
J.R. Mache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Refractory Brick ◽  
Major Element Chemistry ◽  
End Products ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Steel Mould

ABSTRACTThree clayey materials named MY3, KK and KG originating from the Foumban region (west Cameroon) were analysed to determine their granulometry, plasticity, major-element chemistry and mineralogy. Dilatometric and ceramic behaviour were also investigated. Clays were shaped by uniaxial pressing in a steel mould. Shaped samples were heated at 1300, 1400 and 1500°C. The end products were characterized in terms of their density, porosity and compressive strength. Raw materials differ in terms of their mineralogical composition, grain-size distribution, Al2O3 content and the nature and abundance of impurities inducing specific thermal behaviour during dilatometric analysis and sintering tests. The final material properties may be related to the main features of the raw materials used.

Analysis of the Incorporation of Scheelite Residue in Kaolinitic Clay of Boa Saúde-RN

2012 ◽  
Vol 727-728 ◽  
pp. 844-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tércio G. Machado ◽  
Uilame Umbelino Gomes ◽  
Flanelson M. Monteiro ◽  
Samara M. Valcacer ◽  
Gilson G. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Kaolinitic Clay ◽  
The City ◽  
Mineral Waste

The scheelite occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil, with highest abundance in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba - Scheelite Seridó Province. Mining is considered an activity that provides a high environmental degradation due to the large amount of minerals and waste involved. Most mining companies have no technologies or processes that allow the recycling of mineral waste generated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of different percentages of reject on the mechanical properties of scheelite and aesthetic (staining of the final product after firing) of the clay of the city of Boa Saúde - RN. The raw materials used were characterized by XRD, XRF and particle size analysis. Assay was performed by water absorption, linear retraction and bending tests on three points for the characterization of the final product. The raw materials used were from the city of Currais Novos-RN.

scholarly journals Green criminology and native peoples: The treadmill of production and the killing of indigenous environmental activists

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Lynch ◽  
Paul B Stretesky ◽  
Michael A Long
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Green Criminology ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
The Past ◽  
Environmental Interest Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Treadmill Of Production ◽  
Capitalist World ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
News Services

During the development of green criminology, little attention has been paid to how Indigenous/Native Peoples (INP) are victimized by green crime and how they employ environmental activism to resist externally imposed ecological destruction. In the past decade, news services and environmental interest groups have reported on the killing of INP environmental activists who have resisted ecological destruction across the world. Here, we begin to develop a green criminological view of INP victimization and resistance to ecological destruction within the context of the global capitalist treadmill of production, while drawing upon concepts of colonization, imperialism, genocide and ecocide. Our analysis suggests that in the contemporary capitalist world system, expansion of the treadmill of production’s ecological withdrawal process (i.e. the withdrawal of raw materials used in production) not only accelerates ecological disorganization in developing/underdeveloped nations, but may be harmful in nations where INP are dependent on access to nature for survival.

A Reexamination of the Compositional Affiliations of Formative Period Whiteware from Highland Guatemala

1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Neff ◽  
Ronald L. Bishop ◽  
Dean E. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Materials Used

AbstractAn earlier study (Rice 1977, 1978a) purportedly found compositional similarity between raw materials used by modern potters in the northern Valley of Guatemala and Formative period whiteware ceramics from sites in the valley, particularly the major highland center of Kaminaljuyu. The compositional similarity suggested that Formative whiteware was manufactured in the northern valley, and this inference in turn underpinned a model of the development of ceramic craft specialization. Methodological weaknesses in the earlier study cast some doubt on its conclusions. More recent compositional analyses of Formative whiteware indicate that, while whiteware probably was made within the zone from which Kaminaljuyu drew its ceramics, it almost certainly was not made within the northern Valley of Guatemala. The present study highlights some important technical and methodological advances in compositional studies made over the past decade.

scholarly journals Tekstylia i pieczęcie. O relacjach pomiędzy produkcją włókienniczą a praktykami stemplowania w Grecji epoki brązu oraz o zupełnie nowych danych z odcisków glinianych pieczęci

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 111-135
Author(s):  
Agata Ulanowska
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Textile Production ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Textile Manufacturing ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Evidence

This contribution discusses the evidence of textile impressions preserved on the undersides of clay sealings from Bronze Age Greece. A collection of modern casts taken from these sealings, stored in the Corpus der minoischen und mykenischen Siegel in Heidelberg, is currently being analyzed by the author. The assumed reliability of textile impressions as a source of knowledge about the qualities of actual textiles and raw materials used to produce them has been verified by a series of archaeological experiments and comparative analysis of modern raw materials of various origin. Results ofthe analysis of 199 casts from two Aegean sites: Lerna in Argolid and Phaistos on Crete, have provided new evidence for technical uses of textile and organic products in the daily storage routine and sealing practices, as well as for the specific parameters of threads, cords, and fabrics impressed on clay. Due to the relatively large number of textile imprints, it is possible, for the first time, to make site-specific comparisons of textile production on the basis of products and to tracktechnical developments in textile manufacturing throughout the Aegean Bronze Age.

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