Wood Industry in the Region of the Dráva at the Age of Dualism

The purpose of the study. In the rapidly industrializing Hungary, the wood industry became an important economic branch in the country by the beginning of the 20th century, which also played a significant role in the country’s foreign trade. This industry was extremely important in the area I studied, as the forest cover along the Dráva was above the national average, and the quality of the forest stock also had an international reputation. In the last third of the 19th century, domestic and foreign demand for wood products increased, which was accompanied by an increase in the purchase prices of wood raw materials. Applied methods. I involved sources from monographies, employment and census records, and my own data from researches of archives. In my study I present the larger wood companies in the region, the results of the plants, the operation and extent of the industry, and their market relations. I also made a structural analysis examining the entrepreneur and its business together. Outcomes. During this period, the logistical and transportation possibilities of the region improved, as the railway lines – built almost completely until the war – networked the region. In addition to transport on the river, crossing opportunities also increased, so the raw material could reach a processing unit more and more quickly. In the age of dualism, a strong stratum of forest owners and entrepreneurs in the wood industry developed. Major wood industry enterprises were established mainly in the larger estates (Bellye, Dárda, Barcs, Berzence) or through citizenship in the territory of certain large municipalities. Outstanding among these was the Beliscian plant beyond the Dráva, which in two decades had become the largest timber company in Central Europe, employing thousands of people.

Organosolv Lignin from European Tree Bark: Influence of Bark Pretreatment

As lignin is becoming more and more attractive to industry and the circular economy continues to grow, the utilization of a byproduct that, to date, has been underrated by the wood industry is investigated as an abundantly available source of lignin. Bark from spruce, larch and beech tress is extracted using the organosolv process with and without prior hot water extraction. The influence of the treatment on chemical properties of the lignin was determined by spectrophotometric, chromatographic, and vibrational spectroscopy. It was found that hot water extraction prior to organosolv extraction influences the chemical composition, antioxidative properties and molecular weight distribution of the obtained extracts. While hot water extracts are rich in flavonoids, organosolv fractions can contain high amounts of organic acids depending on whether they are from a hardwood or softwood source. This investigation lays the foundation for further research into the utilization of byproducts to generate high-value resources.

Ludowość utracona? Strategie instytucjonalizacji sztuki ludowej w Szkole Przemysłu Drzewnego w Zakopanem

Abstrakt: W jakim stopniu funkcjonujące dzisiaj wyobrażenie „góralszczyzny” odpowiada tradycyjnej twórczości Podhala sprzed prób jej instytucjonalizacji? Tekst stanowi analizę metod konstruowania stylów regionalnego i narodowego, jakie realizowano w programach zakopiańskiej Szkoły Przemysłu Drzewnego z lat 1879–1939. Ówczesna twórczość rzeźbiarska wykładowców i wychowanków placówki oraz prowadzona w jej zakresie edukacja ukazują różnorodność prób instytucjonalizacji oraz instrumentalizacji ludowości. W literaturze przedmiotu brakuje jednak wyczerpującej analizy tych procesów. Celem tekstu jest prześledzenie (nad)użyć folkloru, do jakich dochodziło w obrębie uczelni. Analizie zostały poddane programy edukacji realizowane przez dyrektorów: Franciszka Neužila, Edgara Kovátsa, Stanisława Barabasza, Karola Stryjeńskiego oraz Adama Dobrodzickiego. Genealogia przywołanych koncepcji kształcenia ujawnia pewną ambiwalencję: nauczające wytwórczości ludowej programy były w rzeczywistości formami artystycznej ingerencji w regionalną kulturę Podhala, tworzonymi w większości przez „obcych” i dla „obcych”. Całość rozważań została zrealizowana z perspektywy studiów postkolonialnych oraz historii społeczno-politycznej. Summary: To what extent does the present image of Polish “highland culture” reflect the traditional art and craftsmanship of Podhale from before its institutionalization? This study offers an analysis of methods of creation of regional and national style, conducted at the School of Wood Industry in Zakopane from 1879 to 1939. Art and craft of students and professors and the educational methods demonstrate various attempts of institutionalization and instrumentalization of folklore. Literature on the subject lacks a thorough analysis of those processes. The object of this study was to trace the (ab)uses of folklore that happened on account of the School. Analyzed were the teaching programmes carried out by headmasters: Franciszek Neužil, Edgar Kováts, Stanisław Barabasz, Karol Stryjeński, and Adam Dobrodzicki. Those methods of education reveal an ambivalence: while officially teaching local folklore and craft, they were in fact a form of artistic interference with the regional culture of Podhale, by “strangers” and for “strangers”. The text was based on postcolonial studies and socio-political history.

Absolwenci zakopiańskiej Szkoły Przemysłu Drzewnego w pracowni profesora Tadeusza Breyera

Abstrakt: Celem artykułu jest analiza obecności i znaczenia absolwentów zakopiańskiej Szkoły Przemysłu Drzewnego w pracowni prof. Tadeusza Breyera w warszawskiej Akademii Sztuk Pięknych. Na wybór tej uczelni znaczący wpływ miało przeniesienie ich nauczyciela Karola Stryjeńskiego do stolicy. Ponieważ nie mieli matury, musieli przejść proces „uzwyczajnienia”, najczęściej uzyskując świadectwo ukończenia Miejskiej Szkoły Sztuk Zdobniczych i Malarstwa. W pracowni absolwenci wyróżniali się szczególnie udanymi rzeźbami o tematyce sportowej oraz w zakresie technik metalowych. Brali też znaczący udział w realizacjach swoich profesorów. Niektórzy zostali profesorami na Akademii Sztuk Pięknych w Warszawie, inni powrócili jako pedagodzy do Zakopanego. To zjawisko przepływu uczniów i profesorów trwa po dzień dzisiejszy. Summary: The aim of this paper is to analyze the presence and importance of graduates of the Zakopane School of Wood Industry in the Prof. Tadeusz Breyer’s studio at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw. For many graduates, the choice of the Academy was significantly influenced by the relocation of their teacher, Karol Stryjeński to the capital. As they did not have a high school diploma, they had to undergo the “habituation” process, most often obtaining a certificate of graduation from the Municipal School of Decorative Arts and Painting. In the studio, they distinguished themselves with particularly successful sculptures in sports and metal techniques. They also took a significant part in the realizations of their professors. Some became professors at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, others returned to Zakopane as teachers. This phenomenon of the movement of students and professors continues to this day.

Liquid smoke application in latex as an environment-friendly natural coagulant

Liquid smoke has many benefits, especially in the food, fishery, timber, and plantation industries. It is used as a preservative or durability increased and aroma and taste addition in the food and fishery industry. In the wood industry, liquid smoke can resist termite attacks, while in the plantation industry, it functions as a latex coagulant containing antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidants that can improve rubber product’s quality. Most of the rubber farmers in Bangka Belitung still use alum as a coagulant to coagulate their latex. However, alum coagulant can reduce the quality of the processed rubber material (bokar). The reason farmers use alum is that raw materials are cheap, therefore getting coagulant raw materials at low prices and not pollute the environment with a less moderate aroma/odor caused by non-recommended coagulant materials (alum) are needed. This study aims to apply liquid smoke as a natural coagulant in latex freezing. The research method used a Completely Randomized Design, with liquid smoke concentration replicated three times. Parameters observed were clotting time speed and organoleptic test for odor during 14 days of storage. The results showed that the best concentration of liquid smoke was 15% no odor and a clotting time of 8.23 minutes.

Basic Steps to Promote Biorefinery Value Chains in Forestry in Italy

Biorefineries are an important pillar to conduct the transition toward a circular bioeconomy. Forestry value chains produce wood biomass from harvesting and processing residues that have potential to be used in biorefineries, but currently, these residues are mostly used for energy generation. New biorefineries and new methodologies of wood fractionation allow the production of high value-added products based on carbohydrates and lignin. However, biorefineries based on lignocellulosic feedstock are still few in European countries and even less in Italy. The present study analyses the processes involved in a scenario of establishment of forest biorefineries, reviewing the main components and the actual organization of forestry value chains in Italy. The aim is to have a general vision, to identify and to focus the possibilities of the actual value chains and to fill gaps. The development of the territories is thought of in a perspective of a broader repertoire and more branched value chains than simple energy-generation end use, reviewing the tool for a feasibility study that could potentially involve lignocellulosic biorefineries also based on forest-wood industry feedstocks.

The review of the financial strategies of Polish wood-industry companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

The review of the financial strategies of Polish wood-industry companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The paper focuses on the analysis of the financing strategies of wood industry enterprises listed on Warsaw Stock Exchange in 2018 - 2020. This paper examines three main values characterising company's financing strategy: equity capital share in total capital, equity capital share in fixed assets and long-term debt share in total debt. The data for calculations was taken from publicly available quarterly financial statements of analysed entities from 1st quarter of 2018 to 3rd quarter of 2020. The analysis showed that moderate financing strategy was used by Biofactory and KLON companies and an aggressive strategy was used by Standrew. KPPD financing strategy was not possible to clearly define due to the high volatility of values of examined ratios and depend on the considered period. The highest variability in the structure of foreign capital was observed in KLON - in this company the highest level of long-term debt was observed (above 70% of total debt).

THE EFFECT OF WAGES AND WORK DISCIPLINE ON WORK PRODUCTIVITY

PT. Namlea Wood Industries is a company engaged in the wood and forest product industry and the company always strives to maximize the potential possessed by employees, however, conditions What happens is that the development of employee performance shows that there is a decrease in employee performance, the indication is indicated by: there is a decrease in the amount of production produced by employees. This study aims to determine the effect of wages and work discipline on employee productivity at PT Wainibe Wood Industry Namlea. This study uses Ordinal Probit analysis to analyze the final results, the significant influence between the dependent and independent variables. Based on the results of data processing carried out, testing data using the SPSS 16 program the results obtained for the wage variable are 0.060 and for the work discipline variable are 0.003. The significant value possessed by the wage variable is greater than the set standard value, i.e. it should not exceed 0.005 so that the effect of the wage variable on work productivity has no significant effect. Meanwhile, the work discipline variable has a significant effect.Keywords: Wages, Work Discipline, Work Productivity.