Calculation of Phase Competition and Selection in Solidification Using a Combined Nucleation and Calphad Approach

1995 ◽  
Vol 398 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Shao ◽  
P. Tsakiropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Study Phase ◽  
Calphad Approach ◽  
Phase Competition ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Phase Nucleation ◽  
Transient Nucleation ◽  
Melt Cooling ◽  
Rapidly Solidified ◽  
Undercooled Melts

ABSTRACTThermodynamic data derived by the CALPHAD method has been extended to undercooled melts to study phase competition and the role of time dependent and steady state nucleation in rapidly solidified materials. The theoretical predictions made about phase competition between hcp α, bcc β and Ll0 γ in some Al(Ti,V) alloys are compared with experimental results. It is shown that high melt cooling rates introduce significant transient nucleation effects on phase nucleation.

An Experimental Investigation of Auditors' Liability: Implications for Social Welfare and Exploration of Deviations from Theoretical Predictions

2000 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald R. King ◽  
Rachel Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Liability Rule ◽  
Optimal Response ◽  
Legal Regimes ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Best Responses

This paper reports the results of an experiment designed to investigate how legal regimes affect social welfare. We investigate four legal regimes, each consisting of a liability rule (strict or negligence) and a damage measure (out-of-pocket or independent-of-investment). The results of the experiment are for the most part consistent with the qualitative predictions of Schwartz's (1997) model; however, subjects' actual choices deviate from the point predictions of the model. We explore whether these deviations arise because: (1) subjects form faulty anticipations of their counterparts' actions and/or (2) subjects do not choose the optimal responses given their anticipations. We find that subjects behave differently under the four regimes in terms of anticipation errors and departures from best responses. For example, subjects playing the role of auditors anticipate investments most accurately under the regime with strict liability combined with out-of-pocket damages, but are least likely to choose the optimal response given their anticipations. This finding implies that noneconomic factors likely play a role in determining subjects' choices.

scholarly journals Different Impact of Perceptual Fluency and Schema Congruency on Sustainable Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7040
Author(s):  
Beat Meier ◽  
Michèle C. Muhmenthaler
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Perceptual Fluency ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Desirable Difficulties ◽  
Design Learning ◽  
Cognition And Learning ◽  
Incorrect Information

Perceptual fluency, that is, the ease with which people perceive information, has diverse effects on cognition and learning. For example, when judging the truth of plausible but incorrect information, easy-to-read statements are incorrectly judged as true while difficult to read statements are not. As we better remember information that is consistent with pre-existing schemata (i.e., schema congruency), statements judged as true should be remembered better, which would suggest that fluency boosts memory. Another line of research suggests that learning information from hard-to-read statements enhances subsequent memory compared to easy-to-read statements (i.e., desirable difficulties). In the present study, we tested these possibilities in two experiments with student participants. In the study phase, they read plausible statements that were either easy or difficult to read and judged their truth. To assess the sustainability of learning, the test phase in which we tested recognition memory for these statements was delayed for 24 h. In Experiment 1, we manipulated fluency by presenting the statements in colors that made them easy or difficult to read. In Experiment 2, we manipulated fluency by presenting the statements in font types that made them easy or difficult to read. Moreover, in Experiment 2, memory was tested either immediately or after a 24 h delay. In both experiments, the results showed a consistent effect of schema congruency, but perceptual fluency did not affect sustainable learning. However, in the immediate test of Experiment 2, perceptual fluency enhanced memory for schema-incongruent materials. Thus, perceptual fluency can boost initial memory for schema-incongruent memory most likely due to short-lived perceptual traces, which are cropped during consolidation, but does not boost sustainable learning. We discuss these results in relation to research on the role of desirable difficulties for student learning, to effects of cognitive conflict on subsequent memory, and more generally in how to design learning methods and environments in a sustainable way.

scholarly journals A Stochastic Kinetic Type Reactions Model for COVID-19

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1221
Author(s):  
Giorgio Sonnino ◽  
Fernando Mora ◽  
Pasquale Nardone
Keyword(s):  
Real Data ◽  
Stochastic Noise ◽  
Mathematical Basis ◽  
Sis Model ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Massive Distribution ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Stochastic Sis Model

We propose two stochastic models for the Coronavirus pandemic. The statistical properties of the models, in particular the correlation functions and the probability density functions, were duly computed. Our models take into account the adoption of lockdown measures as well as the crucial role of hospitals and health care institutes. To accomplish this work we adopt a kinetic-type reaction approach where the modelling of the lockdown measures is obtained by introducing a new mathematical basis and the intensity of the stochastic noise is derived by statistical mechanics. We analysed two scenarios: the stochastic SIS-model (Susceptible ⇒ Infectious ⇒ Susceptible) and the stochastic SIS-model integrated with the action of the hospitals; both models take into account the lockdown measures. We show that, for the case of the stochastic SIS-model, once the lockdown measures are removed, the Coronavirus infection will start growing again. However, the combined contributions of lockdown measures with the action of hospitals and health institutes is able to contain and even to dampen the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. This result may be used during a period of time when the massive distribution of vaccines in a given population is not yet feasible. We analysed data for USA and France. In the case of USA, we analysed the following situations: USA is subjected to the first wave of infection by Coronavirus and USA is in the second wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The agreement between theoretical predictions and real data confirms the validity of our approach.

Prediction of Ball Motion in High-Speed Thrust-Loaded Ball Bearings

1976 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Gentle ◽  
R. J. Boness
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ball Bearing ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Fluid Models ◽  
Ball Bearings ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Ball Motion

This paper describes the development of a computer program used to analyze completely the motion of a ball in a high-speed, thrust-loaded ball bearing. Particular emphasis is paid to the role of the lubricant in governing the forces and moments acting on each ball. Expressions for these forces due to the rolling and sliding of the ball are derived in the light of the latest fluid models, and estimates are also made of the cage forces applicable in this specific situation. It is found that only when lubricant viscoelastic behavior is considered do the theoretical predictions agree with existing experimental evidence.

Role of respiratory heat exchange in production of exercise-induced asthma

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Deal ◽  
E. R. McFadden ◽  
R. H. Ingram ◽  
R. H. Strauss ◽  
J. J. Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Thermal Load ◽  
Tracheobronchial Tree ◽  
Total Heat Flux ◽  
Random Fashion ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Respiratory Heat Exchange

We have hypothesized that it is the total heat flux in the tracheobronchial tree during exercise that determines the degree of postexertional obstruction in asthma, and have developed quanititative expressions that relate these two events. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the observed responses to exercise, while our subjects inhaled dry air at various temperatures ranging from subzero to 80 degrees C in a random fashion, to those that we predicted would occur based upon calculations of respiratory heat exchange. We further determined if heat could be transferred from the inspired air to the mucosa so as to offset evaporative losses from the airways. The observed responses fell as air temperature was increased from -11 to +37 degrees C and exactly matched theoretical predictions. Above 37 degrees C, the observed response exceeded predictions, indicating that it was not possible to provide sufficient heat per se in the air to offset the vaporization of water. However, when small amounts of water vapor were added to the inspirate at high temperatures, bronchospasm was virtually abolished and the response again closely matched theoretical expectations. We conclude that the magnitude of exercise-induced asthma is directly proportional to the thermal load placed on the airways and that this reaction is quantifiable in terms of respiratory heat exchange.

scholarly journals Study of Rare Mesonic Decays Involving Di-Neutrinos in Their Final State

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Azeem Mir ◽  
Farida Tahir ◽  
Shakeel Mahmood ◽  
Shi- Hai Dong
Keyword(s):  
Branching Fractions ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Supersymmetric Model ◽  
Final State ◽  
Yukawa Couplings ◽  
Leptonic Decays ◽  
Pseudoscalar Mesons ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Minimal Supersymmetric Model

We have studied phenomenological implication of R-parity violating (Rp) Minimal Supersymmetric Model (MSSM) via analyses of pure leptonic (M→νν¯) and semileptonic decays of pseudoscalar mesons (M→Xνν¯). These analyses involve comparison between theoretical predictions made by Rp MSSM and the Standard Model (SM) with the experimental results like branching fractions (Br) of the said process. We have found, in general, that Rp contribution dominates over the SM contribution, i.e., by a factor of 10 for the pure leptonic decays of KL,S and by 102 and 104 in case of Bs and Bd, respectively. Furthermore, the limits obtained on Rp Yukawa couplings (λαkβ′λαkγ′⁎) by using Br  (M→Xνν¯) are used to calculate Br  (M→νν¯). This demonstrates the role of Rp MSSM as a viable model for the study of new physics contribution in rare decays at places like Super B factories, KOTO (J-PARC) and NA62 at CERN.

scholarly journals Indirectness in the Age of Globalization: A Social Network Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 930-949
Author(s):  
Marina Terkourafi
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
American English ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
British English ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Self

Indirectness has traditionally been viewed as commensurate with politeness and attributed to the speaker’s wish to avoid imposition and/or otherwise strategically manipulate the addressee. Despite these theoretical predictions, a number of studies have documented the solidarity-building and identity-constituting functions of indirectness. Bringing these studies together, Terkourafi 2014 proposed an expanded view of the functions of indirect speech, which crucially emphasizes the role of the addressee and the importance of network ties. This article focuses on what happens when such network ties become loosened, as a result of processes of urbanization and globalization. Drawing on examples from African American English and Chinese, it is argued that these processes produce a need for increased explicitness, which drives speakers (and listeners) away from indirectness. This claim is further supported diachronically, by changes in British English politeness that coincide with the rise of the individual Self. These empirical findings have implications for im/politeness theorizing and theory-building more generally, calling attention to how the socio-historical context of our research necessarily influences the theories we end up building.

scholarly journals Role of Spin in NN → NNπ

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 1660061
Author(s):  
Vadim Baru
Keyword(s):  
Partial Wave ◽  
Pion Production ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Partial Wave Analysis ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Wave Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

The recent measurements of the reactions [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] by the ANKE collaboration at COSY are analyzed with the focus on the p-wave pion production amplitudes. These amplitudes are known to provide an important connection between [Formula: see text] and other low-energy few-nucleon reactions. The results of the recent partial wave analysis of the ANKE data are discussed and compared with the theoretical predictions.

The Role of the CALPHAD Approach in ICME

2013 ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
F. Zhang ◽  
W. Cao ◽  
S.L. Chen ◽  
C. Zhang ◽  
J. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Calphad Approach
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