scholarly journals EFFECTS OF DEPTH AND CONCENTRATION OF DIGESTATE ON GROWTH OF THREE MICROALGAL SPECIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Tran Thien Khanh
Keyword(s):  
Specific Growth ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Continuous Illumination ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Specific Growth Rates ◽  
Counting Cell ◽  
Microalgal Species

In order to design a culture system for microalgal biomass production with a low cost and convenient cell collection, growth performance of mixtures of microalgal cells, including Euglena gracilis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Dunaliella tertiolecta cultured in a volume of 1 L were investigated at a PPFD of 300 µmol m-2 s-1 at the surface of the solution with continuous illumination at 30 °C. Each culture container contained diluted digestate at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 50 %. Sample cells for counting cell number were collected daily at three depths: 0–50 mm (the surface layer), 10–15 mm (the middle layer), and 25–30 mm (the bottom layer). Pseudo-specific growth rates (ms) of each species at each depth were calculated as cellular multiplication rates using number of cells per time. In each layer, the average ms of each species was highest in 5 % digestate. The average ms of all three microalgal species (0.035 h-1) was observed in all layers in 5 % digestate solution. The ms of each species was highest in the bottom layer in 5% digestate (0.048 h-1, 0.041 h-1, and 0.022 h-1, respectively for C. vulgaris, E. gracilis, and D. tertiolecta). In conclusion, E. gracilis, C. vulgaris, and D. tertiolecta showed the highest specific growth rate in 5 % digestate in all layer.

scholarly journals Studi Perencanaan Perkerasan Lentur Dan Rencana Anggaran Biaya (Pada Proyek Ruas Jalan Karangtalun – Kalidawir Kabupaten Tulungagung)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Henny Prasetiyo ◽  
Yosef Cahyo Setianto Poernomo ◽  
Agata Iwan Candra
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Manual Method ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Price Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Road pavement is a major component in supporting the smooth running of land transportation so that it can be accessed comfortably and safely by road users. Road pavement, according to its type, is divided into three types, namely flexible pavement, rigid pavement, and composite pavement. On flexible pavements, there are several methods used to determine the thickness of the pavement in the initial plan. The method used as a reference is the 2017 Design Manual Method, and the calculation of the RAB refers to the Basic Unit Price Analysis in 2019. This study aims to obtain good quality flexible pavement but at a low cost in terms of the 2017 Design Manual method and analysis calculations and The price of the basic unit (RAB) in 2019. From the calculation of the pavement thickness of each layer, namely the top layer of 5 cm, the middle layer of 20 cm, and the bottom layer of 15 cm, it is known that the cost required to carry out the construction of the pavement is Rp. 73,342,707,500.00.Perkerasan jalan adalah komponen utama dalam menunjang lancarnya suatu transportasi darat, sehingga jalan dapat diakses dengan mudah, nyaman dan aman oleh pengguna jalan. Perkerasan jalan menurut jenisnya dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu perkerasan lentur, perkerasan kaku dan perkerasan komposit. Pada perkerasan lentur terdapat beberapa metode yang digunakan untuk menentukan tebal perkerasan perencanaan awal. Adapun metode yang dipakai sebagai acuan adalah Metode Manual Desain 2017 serta perhitungan RAB mengacu dengan Analisa Harga Satuan Dasar pada tahun 2019. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan mutu perkerasan lentur yang baik tetapi dengan biaya yang murah ditinjau dari metode Manual Desain 2017 serta perhitungan Analisa Harga Satuan Dasar (RAB) pada tahun 2019. Dari hasil perhitungan tebal perkerasan masing-masing lapisan yaitu lapis atas 5 cm, lapis tengah 20 cm, dan lapis bawah 15 cm diketahui biaya yang diperlukan guna melaksanakan pembangunan perkerasan jalan tersebut sebesar Rp. 73.342.707.500,00.

Effect of Choline Acetate on the Yeast Cells During Fermentation: Kinetics Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-179
Author(s):  
Amal A. Elgharbawy ◽  
Md. Zahangir Alam ◽  
Muhammad Moniruzzaman ◽  
Nassereldeen A. Kabbashi ◽  
Parveen Jamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Control Culture ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose ◽  
Kinetic Growth ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Background: Ionic liquids (ILs) are claimed as green solvents and have demonstrated ability in the dissolution of several biomaterials and polymers, thus promoting their applications in wide scope. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yeast cells in the ionic liquid (IL), choline acetate [Cho]OAc as an eco-friendlier IL for their growth and ability of fermentation of the empty fruit bunch (EFB) biomass for ethanol production via monitoring the cell growth curve and kinetics. Methods: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultured for five days on yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) agar and the sub-culturing was carried out every two weeks to evaluate the growth of yeast in [Cho]OAc at different concentrations; 5%, 10%, and 20%, where it was pre-cultivated for 24 h at 30 °C and 150 rpm in a shaking incubator as a control culture. Yeast cell number was determined by counting using a hemocytometer. Also, the kinetic growth of yeast during the fermentation of EFB was evaluated. Result: Cell concentration increased, ethanol production increased along with the optical density with the peak reached at 72 h, then declined. Enzymatic hydrolysis process followed by fermentation of EFB using [Cho][OAc] improved the yield of sugar, saccharification and ethanol around 1.938, 2.879, and 2.165 times in comparison with untreated EFB with IL. Furthermore, values of specific growth rates obtained in IL-medium and non-IL-medium are applicable for ethanol production to take place. The results showed the ability of yeast cells for fermentation even in the presence of IL. Conclusion: The results showed that the presence of the IL did not suppress the growth of the yeast cells and did not impair the fermentation productivity.

Design and Performance of a Photobioreactor Utilizing Spatial Light Dilution

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Dye ◽  
Jeff Muhs ◽  
Byard Wood ◽  
Ron Sims
Keyword(s):  
Specific Growth ◽  
State University ◽  
Utah State University ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Energy Conversion Process ◽  
Photobioreactor Design ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Specific Growth Rates ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Volumetric Yield

A photobioreactor with an optical system that spatially dilutes solar photosynthetic active radiation has been designed, built, and tested at the Utah State University Biofuels Center. This photobioreactor could be used to produce microalgal biomass for a number of purposes, such as feedstock for an energy conversion process or high-value products such as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. In addition, the reactor could be used to perform services such as removing nitrates, phosphates, and other contaminants from waste water, as well as scrubbing toxic gases and carbon dioxide from flue gas. Preliminary tests were performed that compared growth and productivity kinetics of this reactor with that of a control reactor simulating a pond. Tests indicated higher specific growth rates and higher areal and volumetric yields compared with the control reactor. The maximum specific growth rate, volumetric yield, and areal yield were 0.21 day−1, 0.059 gm L−1 day−1, and 15 gm m−2 day−1, respectively. Over 10 days of sequential-batch operation, the prototype photobioreactor converted direct-normal solar energy to energy stored in biomass at an average efficiency of 1%. The areal productivity, as mass per aperture per time, was three times higher than that of the control reactor, indicating the photobioreactor design investigated holds promise.

Design and Performance of a Solar Photobioreactor Utilizing Spatial Light Dilution

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Dye ◽  
Jeff Muhs ◽  
Byard Wood ◽  
Ron Sims
Keyword(s):  
Specific Growth ◽  
State University ◽  
Utah State University ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Energy Conversion Process ◽  
Photobioreactor Design ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Specific Growth Rates ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Volumetric Yield

A photobioreactor with an optical system that spatially dilutes solar photosynthetic active radiation has been designed, built, and tested at the Utah State University Biofuels Center. This photobioreactor could be used to produce microalgal biomass for a number of purposes, such as feedstock for an energy conversion process, or high-value products, such as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. In addition, the reactor could be used to perform services such as removing nitrates, phosphates, and other contaminants from waste water, as well as scrubbing toxic gases and carbon dioxide from flue gas. Preliminary tests were performed that compared growth and productivity kinetics of this reactor with that of a control reactor without spatial light-dilution. Tests indicated higher specific growth rates and higher areal and volumetric yields compared with the control reactor. The maximum specific growth rate, volumetric yield, and areal yield were 0.21 day−1, 0.059 gm l−1 day−1, and 15 gm m−2 day−1, respectively. Over 10 days of sequential-batch operation, the prototype photobioreactor converted direct-normal solar energy to energy stored in biomass at an average efficiency of 1%. The areal productivity, as mass per aperture per time, was three times higher than that of the control reactor, indicating the photobioreactor design investigated holds promise.

Oscillating conditions for influencing the composition of mixed biological cultures

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 259-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarne R. Horntvedt ◽  
Morten Rambekk ◽  
Rune Bakke
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Similar Strategy ◽  
Sinusoidal Oscillations ◽  
Specific Growth Rates ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Concentration Levels

This paper presents a strategy in which mixed biological cultures are exposed to oscillating concentration levels, to improve the potential for coexistence of desired bacterial species. A mechanistic mathematical model is constructed to investigate and illustrate this strategy. This paper is focused on competition between nitrifying, denitrifying and aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in a CSTR with sludge recycle. For nitrifying and aerobic heterotrophic cultures, the effect of sinusoidal oscillations in DO levels with an amplitude of 1.0 mg/l is a 16% specific growth rate reduction compared to that at a constant DO level. The denitrifiers growth rate is increased by an average of 59%, compared to the constant DO level situation. A similar strategy has been tested in a pilot plant. It is concluded that the influence on specific growth rates is a function of the amplitude of the oscillations. The effects are greatest when concentrations fluctuate around the half saturation concentration of the rate limiting component(s).

scholarly journals High-Gain Vivaldi Antenna with Wide Bandwidth Characteristics for 5G Mobile and Ku-Band Radar Applications

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Raza Ullah ◽  
Sadiq Ullah ◽  
Farooq Faisal ◽  
Rizwan Ullah ◽  
Dong-you Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Radar Applications ◽  
Vivaldi Antenna ◽  
5G Mobile Communication ◽  
Element Array ◽  
Ku Band

In this paper, antipodal Vivaldi antenna is designed for 5th generation (5G) mobile communication and Ku-band applications. The proposed designed has three layers. The upper layer consists of eight-element array of split-shaped leaf structures, which is fed by a 1-to-8 power divider network. Middle layer is a substrate made of Rogers 5880. The bottom layer consists of truncated ground and shorter mirror-image split leaf structures. The overall size of the designed antenna is confined significantly to 33.31 × 54.96 × 0.787 (volume in mm3), which is equivalent to 2λo× 3.3λo× 0.05λo (λo is free-space wavelength at 18 GHz). Proposed eight elements antenna is multi-band in nature covering Ku-bands (14.44–20.98 GHz), two millimeter wave (mmW) bands i.e., 24.34–29 GHz and 33–40 GHz, which are candidate frequency bands for 5G communications. The Ku-Band is suitable for radar applications. Proposed eight elements antenna is very efficient and has stable gain for 5G mobile communication and Ku-band applications. The simulation results are experimentally validated by testing the fabricated prototypes of the proposed design.

Effects of turbidity on prey consumption and growth in brook trout and implications for bioenergetics modeling

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Sweka ◽  
Kyle J Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Turbid Water ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were held in an artificial stream to observe the influence of turbidity on mean daily consumption and specific growth rates. Treatment turbidity levels ranged from clear (<3.0 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)) to very turbid water (> 40 NTU). Observed mean daily specific consumption rates were standardized to the mean weight of all brook trout tested. Turbidity had no significant effect on mean daily consumption, but specific growth rates decreased significantly as turbidity increased. Brook trout in turbid water became more active and switched foraging strategies from drift feeding to active searching. This switch was energetically costly and resulted in lower specific growth rates in turbid water as compared with clear water. Bioenergetics simulations were run to compare observed growth with that predicted by the model. Observed growth values fell below those predicted by the model and the difference increased as turbidity increased. Abiotic factors, such as turbidity, which bring about changes in the activity rates of fish, can have implications for the accuracy of predicted growth by bioenergetics models.

Sex Ratio and Sex-Specific Growth Rates of Immature Green Turtles, Chelonia mydas, in the Southern Bahamas

Copeia ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 (4) ◽  
pp. 1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B. Bolten ◽  
Karen A. Bjorndal ◽  
Janice S. Grumbles ◽  
David W. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
Green Turtles ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Physiological and cell morphology adaptation ofBacillus subtilisat near-zero specific growth rates: a transcriptome analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wout Overkamp ◽  
Onur Ercan ◽  
Martijn Herber ◽  
Antonius J. A. van Maris ◽  
Michiel Kleerebezem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Development of Intelligent Hierarchical Control for a Hydraulic Manipulator

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya Rahbari ◽  
Clarence W. deSilva
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Pd Controller ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Hydraulic Actuator ◽  
Intelligent Controller ◽  
Hydraulic Manipulator ◽  
Input Response

Abstract This paper presents the development of a hierarchical intelligent controller for a hydraulic manipulator, which has been designed to be an integral part of an automated machine for mechanical processing of salmon. The developed controller for this hydraulic actuator is a three-layer hierarchical system. In the bottom layer of the hierarchy, a conventional proportional plus derivative (PD) controller is used to control the position of the cutting blade. The middle layer monitors the performance of the manipulator, preprocesses the response signals, and extracts the performance parameters, based on a step-input response. The top layer infers the tuning actions for the PD servo. The knowledge base for tuning the low level controller has been developed and represented by fuzzy rulesbase modules. The development of this hierarchical control system is discussed and some experimental results are given.

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