Modern view of the evolution of the concept of "epidemiology". Analytical overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230
Author(s):  
Nikolay I. Briko ◽  
Vyacheslav V. Shkarin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Lower Stage ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Existing Structure

The article analyzes the evolution of views on the concept of epidemiology in various phrases, provides a critical rationale and assessment of individual groups of definitions of epidemiology, presents a substantiated description of new scientific directions in epidemiology. Additions and changes to the existing structure of epidemiology have been developed and proposed, taking into account modern scientific data on infectious and somatic pathology. The formation of new directions in epidemiology has significantly enriched it not only in scientific but also in applied terms. The section epidemiology of infectious diseases forms the fundamentality of the science of epidemiology, which is constantly developing, which cannot be said about non-infectious epidemiology. Taking into account current trends, the author proposes his own vision of the modern structure of epidemiology as a science. The epidemiology of noncommunicable diseases is still at a lower stage of development than the epidemiology of infectious diseases. It lacks a full-fledged theoretical basis, both in general and in individual sections. There is no epidemiological terminology generally accepted in world medical science.

Nanotechnology in medicine. The use of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of infectious diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Vladimir Anatolievich Klimov
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Protein Markers ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Dna Molecule ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Polymerase Chain

At all times mankind strived for progressive changes, and for a long time has been looking for new ways to diagnose and treat diseases in order to prolong life. Scientists have constantly attempted to introduce the latest techniques, and if in the 20th century an understanding of the course of various processes at the cellular level was achieved, at the latest stage of development there is already a transition to the study of the molecular and even atomic composition of individual derivatives, which should contribute to the transition to a qualitatively new level of process understanding. The first to speak about nanotechnology was Richard Phillips Feynman, who back in 1959 spoke about the possibility of controlling matter precisely at the atomic level. At the present stage, nanotechnology is increasingly being introduced into medical science, in particular, in the field of laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases. More recently, this fact has received practical confirmation on the example of organizing large-scale testing of the population for the presence of the coronavirus infection. The methods used on the basis of atomic force molecular detectors provide a unique opportunity for visualization and identification of protein markers of pathological processes and conditions with a sensitivity several orders of magnitude higher than that of standard laboratory studies. This principle was the basis for the implementation of the polymerase chain reaction method, the essence of which lies in the multiple multiplication of microscopic concentrations of pathogen DNA fragments in a patient’s biological sample under artificial conditions. As a result of a complex process called amplification, under the influence of enzymes and changes in temperature (from 50 to 95 °C), two DNA molecules are formed from one DNA molecule. In this case, there is a copying of a DNA section that is present only in that type of pathogenic microorganism that is of interest to a specialist at the moment. The cycle of formation of a new DNA molecule takes about 3 minutes, while 30-40 cycles is quite enough to obtain the proper number of molecules required for reliable visual determination of the desired agent by electrophoresis.

Current Trends and Future Strategies for the Global Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Chauhan ◽  
Ankit Kumar ◽  
Sandeep Goyal ◽  
Sunil Kumar Joshi ◽  
Deepak Kumar Semwal
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Preclinical Trials ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Treatment Procedures

ABSTRACT: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) might have originated from the recombination of a Pangolin-CoV-like virus with a Bat-CoV-RaTG13-like virus and then transmitted to the human at Wuhan city of China. On February 11, 2020, the WHO announced a name for the new coronavirus disease as COVID-19. Finally, the WHO declared the novel coronavirus outbreak a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. Within a few months, SARS-CoV-2 had spread across the world in 220 Countries, areas or territories. The main objective of this work is to review the existing knowledge about COVID-19, its updated status, available treatment procedures and future challenges. The available literature based on the COVID-19 was thoroughly reviewed and concise evidence-based information was explored for the public interest. Various authentic databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar together with the official sites of some Govt. Organizations were carefully searched for all relevant information about the current status of COVID-19 including the published research on coronavirus. More than 68 million people are already infected including around 20% severely ill with almost 1.5 million casualties due to this virus and expected to infect approximate 70% population worldwide. Currently, maximum confirmed cases and death are reported in the USA. The epicentre of the pandemic was initially shifted from China to Europe then to the USA, Brazil and now India. In between, understanding of pathogenesis and mode of transmission has been developed; repurposing drugs are being validated and development of a new vaccine is underway. The study concludes that there is no established treatment available for COVID-19, although 26 clinical and 139 preclinical trials are underway to develop vaccines globally. Although three vaccines are in advance stage of development, their efficacy and adverse effect yet to be validated and recorded. Recently, Pfizer vaccine has been started vaccination for emergency uses in England and Bahrain, and the United State of America will start it soon. Meanwhile, prevention, rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts are practiced worldwide to control its spread.

Attitudes towards and use of homoeoprophylaxis: findings of two international surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Issac Golden ◽  
Andrew Stranieri ◽  
Alia Al Nuaimat
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Context Of Use

Background: The use of homoeopathic remedies to prevent infectious diseases, homoeoprophylaxis (HP), was first described over 100 years ago. To date, no systematic studies have been performed to identify the attitudes that current practitioners hold about HP or current trends in the use of HP. Aims: This study aimed to discover attitudes to HP amongst accredited homeopathic practitioners particularly with respect to overall acceptance, context of use, and preferred remedies. Methodology: Two international surveys were conducted in 2014. Responses were received from 1,124 homeopaths in 35 countries; 104 of whom responded to both surveys. Results: A large proportion of respondents have positive attitudes to HP and currently use HP in their practice. However, responses also indicate that knowledge about HP is chequered. Confidence in the evidence base of HP also is variable. Conclusion: Results indicate that HP is widely practised, however, further research is needed to improve confidence in the evidence base of HP, and better programs are needed to ensure that education about HP is enhanced.

scholarly journals FRCM composites mesh anchorage – a way to increase strengthening effectiveness

2018 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 02044
Author(s):  
Filip Grzymski ◽  
Dorota Marcinczak ◽  
Tomasz Trapko ◽  
Michał Musiał
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Reinforced Polymers ◽  
Composite Failure ◽  
Structural Reinforcement ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix

FRCM (Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix) composites are the next stage of development of composite structural reinforcement after FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymers) composites. The main element that distinguishes the newer FRCM system is the matrix of the composite – mineral matrix instead of epoxy resin. Changes in the structure of the composite, resulting from the change of the matrix, have a big impact on its work mechanisms. This paper discusses FRCM composites and shows its effectiveness in reinforced concrete elements strengthening. The basic information on FRCM mesh fibres material differences and composite failure modes are given. Current trends and directions of composite structural strengthening and the latest research in the area of increasing FRCM composite strengthening effectiveness, that are being conducted by the authors, are presented.

Substance Involvement and Physical Health

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Popova ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Moderate Drinking ◽  
Illegal Drug Use ◽  
Ischemic Disease ◽  
Substance Involvement ◽  
Include Lung Cancer

Substance use, mainly defined as the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs, is a major risk factor for disease, disability, and mortality. Alcohol consumption can cause a number of chronic diseases, including several types of cancer, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, various cardiovascular diseases, alcohol use disorders and infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and pneumonia. Certain patterns of light moderate drinking, without heavy drinking occasions, may incur a protective effect on ischemic disease categories and diabetes. Finally, alcohol has been established as a causal factor for unintentional and intentional injury. Illegal drug use has been mainly linked to four health outcomes: overdose and other injury, noncommunicable diseases, certain mental disorders, and infectious diseases. In the final section, a comprehensive list of diseases attributable to tobacco smoking is provided, and the most important selected medical conditions are described. These include lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and ischemic heart disease.

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