scholarly journals DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA ENERGIA NO INTERIOR DE UMA ESTUFA PLÁSTICA NO PERÍODO DO INVERNO

Irriga ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-265
Author(s):  
Antonio Evaldo Klar ◽  
Cleber Junior Jadoski ◽  
Marcio Furlan Maggi ◽  
Juliana Ramiro ◽  
Alexandre Barreto Almeida dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Set Up

DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA ENERGIA NO INTERIOR DE UMA ESTUFA PLÁSTICA NO PERÍODO DO INVERNO  Antonio Evaldo Klar; Cleber Junior Jadoski; Marcio Furlan Maggi; Juliana Ramiro; Alexandre Barreto Almeida  dos SantosFaculdade de Ciências Agronômicas de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista Botucatu, SP,  [email protected]   1. RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a distribuição da energia no interior de um ambiente protegido durante o período do inverno do ano de 2005. O experimento foi instalado em uma estufa de polietileno na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA). Para analisar a distribuição da energia, foram utilizados microevaporímetros plásticos de 500 ml (13,7 cmde diâmetro e área de 147 cm2) com o que foram obtidos os valores respectivos de evaporação que integram os elementos meteorológicos envolvidos. Foram instalados 132 microevaporímetros distribuídos em três alturas, 0,40, 0,80 e1,20 m, a partir da superfície do solo, perfazendo 44 pontos uniformemente distribuídos. A estufa plástica é do tipo túnel com 7,5m de largura por 27,5m de comprimento, 3,20m de altura no centro e 2,00m nas paredes laterais fechadas com tela do tipo “sombrite”. A orientação noroeste/sudeste, com base no norte verdadeiro, foi adotada para o eixo longitudinal da estufa. Para a comparação das variáveis, foram utilizados princípios da geoestatística com auxílio do programa GS+. Os dados obtidos permitiram chegar as seguintes conclusões: foram observadas variações significativas da evaporação em diferentes regiões e alturas da estufa; os valores mais elevados ocorreram próximo à superfície do solo no mês de julho e em alturas mais elevadas nos meses de agosto e setembro. A região que teve maior evaporação ocorreu no lado sudeste da estufa. UNITERMOS: microevaporímetro, orientação geográfica, geoestatística.  KLAR, A. E., JADOSKI, C.J.; MAGGI, M. F.;  RAMIRO, J;  SANTOS, A. B. A. dos. Energy distribution in a plastic tunnel IN winter PERIOD  2 ABSTRACT This work aimed to study the energy distribution in protected environment during the winter of 2005. Aplastic tunnel (27.5 mlong, 7.5 mwide, 3.2 mhigh in the center and 2.00 mhigh in both lateral sides) was covered with polyethylene 100 micra and black shadow screen (sombrite) in lateral sides at the FCA/UNESP, Botucatu – SP.  142 minievaporimeters (500 ml volume and 147 cm2 area) were evenly distributed and set up at three heights:0.40 m;0.80 m and1.20 m from soil surface in order to analyze energy distribution along the studied area. The greenhouse longitudinal axis was northwest/southeast, based on true north. Geostatistics principles and the GS+ Program   were adopted to compare variables. From obtained results, it was concluded that there were significant evaporation variations at different points and heights; the highest values were the ones closest to the soil surface (0.40m) in July and at highest heights (0.80 and 1.20m). Highest evaporations occurred in the  southeastern side of the greenhouse. KEYWORDS: microevaporimeters; greenhouse position; Geostatistics.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA EVAPORAÇÃO NO INTERIOR DE UM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO.

Irriga ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-256
Author(s):  
Cleber Junior Jadoski ◽  
Antonio Evaldo Klar ◽  
Marcio Furlan Maggi ◽  
Juliana Ramiro Alexandre Barreto Almeida dos Santos ◽  
Samuel Rodrigues Fulan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Class A ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Equidistant Points ◽  
Class A Pan

DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA EVAPORAÇÃO NO INTERIOR DE UM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO.  Cleber Junior Jadoski1; Antonio Evaldo Klar1; Marcio Furlan Maggi2; Juliana Ramiro1 Alexandre Barreto Almeida  dos Santos1;  Samuel Rodrigues Fulan11Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP,  [email protected]  2Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR   1 RESUMO. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a distribuição da evaporação no interior de um ambiente protegido. O experimento foi instalado em uma estufa de polietileno na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), no período do inverno de 2005. Para analisar a distribuição espacial da energia, foram utilizados microevaporímetros plásticos de 500 ml (13,7 cmde diâmetro) com o que foram obtidos os valores respectivos de evaporação que integram os elementos meteorológicos envolvidos. Foram instalados 132 microevaporímetros distribuídos em três alturas, 0,40, 0,80 e1,20 m, a partir da superfície do solo, perfazendo 44 pontos uniformemente distribuídos. A estufa plástica é do tipo túnel com 7,5m de largura por 27,5m de comprimento, 3,20m de altura no centro e 2,00m nas paredes laterais fechadas com tela do tipo “sombrite”. A orientação noroeste/sudeste, com base no norte verdadeiro, foi adotada para o eixo longitudinal da estufa. Para a comparação das variáveis, foram utilizados princípios de geoestatística com auxílio do programa GS+. Os dados obtidos permitiram chegar às seguintes conclusões: ocorreu variabilidade espacial nas diferentes regiões e alturas de instalação dos microevaporímetros, com maior evaporação na altura mais próxima do solo no mês de julho; o tanque Classe “A” não difere significativamente em relação aos microevaporímetros; pode-se estimar a evaporação interna do ambiente protegido através de medições em um tanque Classe “A” instalado fora do ambiente protegido. UNITERMOS: Geoestatística, microevaporímetro, tanque Classe “A”,  Jadoski, c. j.; KLAR, A. E.; MAGGI, M. F.; RAMIRO, J.; Santos,  a. b. a. dos;  Fulan S. R. EVAPORATION DISTRIBUTION IN A PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT  2 ABSTRACT             This work aimed to study evaporation distribution in a protected environment.  The experiment was set up in polyethylene greenhouse at the Lageado Experimental Farm in theSchoolofAgronomic Sciences(FCA, UNESP-Botucatu) in the  winter of  2005. 132  500-ml plastic micro evaporimeters  (13.7 diameter) were used used to obtain evaporation values and analyze spatial energy distribution. These micro evaporimeters were distributed in 44 equidistant points, at three different heights from the soil surface: 0.40, 0.80 and 1.20cm The tunnel-type greenhouse was7.5 mwide,27.5 mlong and  3.20 mhigh at the center, and was covered with black shadow screen (sombrite) on the sides.  Southeast /northwest orientation, based on true north, was used foro othe greenhouse longitudinal axis.  For variable comparison,  a geostatistics  was used through the  GS+ program. From obtained data, it was concluded that: there was spatial variability at different points and heights of the microevaporimeters and higher evaporation values for the height near to  soil surface in July; evaporation values   obtained from micro evaporimeters were not statistically different from those obtained from Class “A” Pan installed in the center of  the greenhouse; the Class “A” Pan installed outside the greenhouse can be used to evaluate the internal evaporation. KEYWORDS: Geostatistics, microevaporimeter, Class “A” Pan.. 

HOW CLIMATE CHANGE CAN INFLUENCE THE AGRICULTURE IN UKRAINE: A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Maidanovych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this work is to review and analyze the main results of modern research on the impact of climate change on the agro-sphere of Ukraine. Results. Analysis of research has shown that the effects of climate change on the agro-sphere are already being felt today and will continue in the future. The observed climate changes in recent decades have already significantly affected the shift in the northern direction of all agro-climatic zones of Europe, including Ukraine. From the point of view of productivity of the agro-sphere of Ukraine, climate change will have both positive and negative consequences. The positives include: improving the conditions of formation and reducing the harvesting time of crop yields; the possibility of effective introduction of late varieties (hybrids), which require more thermal resources; improving the conditions for overwintering crops; increase the efficiency of fertilizer application. Model estimates of the impact of climate change on wheat yields in Ukraine mainly indicate the positive effects of global warming on yields in the medium term, but with an increase in the average annual temperature by 2 ° C above normal, grain yields are expected to decrease. The negative consequences of the impact of climate change on the agrosphere include: increased drought during the growing season; acceleration of humus decomposition in soils; deterioration of soil moisture in the southern regions; deterioration of grain quality and failure to ensure full vernalization of grain; increase in the number of pests, the spread of pathogens of plants and weeds due to favorable conditions for their overwintering; increase in wind and water erosion of the soil caused by an increase in droughts and extreme rainfall; increasing risks of freezing of winter crops due to lack of stable snow cover. Conclusions. Resource-saving agricultural technologies are of particular importance in the context of climate change. They include technologies such as no-till, strip-till, ridge-till, which make it possible to partially store and accumulate mulch on the soil surface, reduce the speed of the surface layer of air and contribute to better preservation of moisture accumulated during the autumn-winter period. And in determining the most effective ways and mechanisms to reduce weather risks for Ukrainian farmers, it is necessary to take into account the world practice of climate-smart technologies.

scholarly journals The dependence of maize (Zea mays) hybrids yielding potential on the water amounts reaching the soil surface

Genetika ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branka Kresovic ◽  
Vesna Dragicevic ◽  
Bosko Gajic ◽  
Angelina Tapanarova ◽  
Borivoj Pejic
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Water Amount

The aim of the present study was to observe the response of maize hybrids under rainfed and irrigation conditions of the soil in order to establish the dependence of yielding potential on the water amounts reaching the soil surface during the growing season. The four-replicate trail was set up according to the randomised complete-block design on chernozem. Pre-watering soil moisture was approximately 70% of field water capacity, and soil moisture was established thermogravimetrically. During the five-year studies, the following differences in yields could be as follows: 12.68 t ha-1 (ZP 341); 12.76 t ha-1 (ZP 434); 13.17 t ha-1 (ZP 578); 14.03 t ha-1 (ZP 684) and 13.75 t ha-1 (ZP 704) under conditions of 440 mm, 440 mm, 424 mm, 457 mm and 466 mm of water, respectively. The hybrid ZP 341, i.e. ZP 578 expressed the highest, i.e. the lowest tolerance in dry relative seasons, respectively. The reduction of the water amount for every 10 mm decreased the yield by 119.4 kg ha-1 (ZP 341), 156.7 kg ha-1 (ZP 434), 172.3 kg ha-1 (ZP 578), 148.9 kg ha-1 (ZP 684) and 151.1 kg ha-1 (ZP 704).

scholarly journals Kinematics and Injury Analysis of Front and Rear Child Pillion Passenger in Motorcycle Crash

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5522-5534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiprasit Koetniyom ◽  
J. Carmai ◽  
K. A. A. Kassim ◽  
Y. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Severe Head Injury ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Neck Injuries ◽  
Car Crash ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Crash Tests

The purpose of this work is to study the kinematics and injury of child pillion passenger from motorcycle-to-car crash tests. Two crash tests for rear and front child pillions were set up. The kinematics of dummies were analysed from accelerometer data and high speed camera pictures. The kinematics and injury mechanisms of the child passenger from both tests are significantly different. For the rear child pillion test, the rider impacted the car before the child passenger. Both rider and child were ejected upward. The child’s head motion was curvilinear towards the car structure. This results in severe head injury due to high HIC. The child sitting at front translated in the longitudinal axis of the motorcycle and impacted the car before the rider. The child’s torso strongly hit to the handlebar first then head hit the car. This results in low value of HIC. The child’s upper-body including neck were compressed between the car and the rider’s torso leading to high risk of severe thorax and neck injuries. The results reveal that the child sitting behind the rider has higher risk of severe head injury while the child sitting before the rider has higher risk of thorax and neck injuries. 

scholarly journals Uncertainty Analysis for Topographic Correction of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoning Ma ◽  
Guorui Jia ◽  
Michael E. Schaepman ◽  
Huijie Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Analysis ◽  
Uncertainty Propagation ◽  
Spectral Feature ◽  
Metrological Traceability ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Topographic Correction ◽  
Uncertainty In Measurement ◽  
Hyperion Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images

Quantitative uncertainty analysis is generally taken as an indispensable step in the calibration of a remote sensor. A full uncertainty propagation chain has not been established to set up the metrological traceability for surface reflectance inversed from remotely sensed images. As a step toward this goal, we proposed an uncertainty analysis method for the two typical semi-empirical topographic correction models, i.e., C and Minnaert, according to the ‘Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)’. We studied the data link and analyzed the uncertainty propagation chain from the digital elevation model (DEM) and at-sensor radiance data to the topographic corrected radiance. We obtained spectral uncertainty characteristics of the topographic corrected radiance as well as its uncertainty components associated with all of the input quantities by using a set of Earth Observation-1 (EO-1) Hyperion data acquired over a rugged soil surface partly covered with snow. Firstly, the relative uncertainty of cover types with lower radiance values was larger for both C and Minnaert corrections. Secondly, the trend of at-sensor radiance contributed to a spectral feature, where the uncertainty of the topographic corrected radiance was poor in bands below 1400 nm. Thirdly, the uncertainty components associated with at-sensor radiance, slope, and aspect dominated the total combined uncertainty of corrected radiance. It was meaningful to reduce the uncertainties of at-sensor radiance, slope, and aspect for reducing the uncertainty of corrected radiance and improving the data quality. We also gave some suggestions to reduce the uncertainty of slope and aspect data.

The potential for facilitating spring discharge from continental climate waste stabilisation ponds by carry-over of treated wastewater: concepts and experimental findings

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Whalley ◽  
L.N. Pak ◽  
S. Heaven
Keyword(s):  
Operating Regime ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Spring Discharge ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Continental Climate

The research investigated some factors influencing the rate of stabilisation of wastewater in the spring period in continental climate waste stabilisation ponds, and in particular the potential for bringing forward the discharge date by optimising storage capacity and dilution. Experiments using pilot and model-scale ponds were set up in Almaty, Kazakhstan. These simulated operating regimes for a facultative and storage/maturation pond system subject to ice cover from late November until late March. Two pilot-scale facultative ponds were operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 20 and 30 days, with surface loading rates of 100 and 67 kg BOD ha−1 day−1. Effluent from the 20-day HRT facultative pond was then fed to two pilot-scale storage/maturation ponds which had been partially emptied and allowed to refill over the winter period with no removal of effluent. The paper discusses the results of the experiments with respect to selection of an operating regime to make treated wastewater available early in the spring. Preliminary results indicate that there may be potential for alternative operating protocols designed to maximise their performance and economic potential.

scholarly journals A new in situ sensor for large-scale snow-cover monitoring

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Stähli ◽  
Markus Stacheder ◽  
David Gustafsson ◽  
Stefan Schlaeger ◽  
Martin Schneebeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Flat Band ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
In Situ Sensor ◽  
Set Up

AbstractA new in situ sensor for the simultaneous measurement of snow water equivalent, snow density and liquid-water content is presented in this paper. The system consists of radio frequency transmission lines of up to 25 m length cast in a flat PVC band, which can be set up either horizontally to monitor single snow-layer properties or sloping from a mast to the soil surface to determine vertical snowpack properties. The dielectric coefficient along the flat-band cable is measured with a time-domain reflectometer at high frequencies, and with a low-frequency impedance analyzer. The performance of the sensor system was tested during two winter seasons (2001–03) at the high-alpine test site Weissfluhjoch, Davos, Switzerland. The cable suspension and set-up of the sloping cable was shown to be critical with regard to stability and the formation of unwanted air gaps along the cable. Overall, the sensing system proved quite robust and produced results in agreement with manual snowpack observations.

DETERMINATION OF VARIABILITY IN SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROBIAL BIOMASS UNDER CONTINUOUS DIRECT-PLANTED CORN

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. CARTER ◽  
R. P. WHITE
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Winter Period

The spatial variability of soil strength, porosity, and microbial biomass was determined under 4-yr continuous direct-planted silage corn (Zea mays L.) on Prince Edward Island. All soil properties changed relative to the row position. Microbial biomass C and N were lower in the in-row compared to the between-row position. Positional and depth differences for soil bulk density and volume of macropores (EPD > 50 μm) were only evident at the soil surface (0–8 cm). Temporal and spatial variations in soil strength indicated the extent of the rooting potential within the soil profile, the depth to compacted soil layers, and the degree of soil structure regeneration during the winter period. Key words: Spatial variability, soil strength, soil porosity, microbial biomass, direct-planted corn, Zea mays L.

scholarly journals Effects of large macropores on soil evaporation in salt marshes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingzhang Zhou ◽  
Pei Xin ◽  
Jirka Jirka Šimůnek
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

<p>The occurrence of macropores in salt marsh sediments is a natural and ubiquitous phenomenon. Although they are widely assumed to significantly affect water flow in salt marshes, the effects are not well understood. We conducted physical laboratory experiments and numerical simulations to examine the impact of macropores on soil evaporation. Soil columns packed with either sand or clay and with or without macropores were set up with water tables in the columns set at different levels. A high potential evaporation rate was induced by infrared light and a fan. The results showed that in the soil with a low saturated hydraulic conductivity (and thus a low transport capacity), macropores behaved as preferential flow paths, delivering water from the groundwater towards the soil surface and maintaining a high evaporation rate in comparison with the soil without macropores. This effect was more pronounced for sediments with lower hydraulic conductivities and shallower groundwater tables. These results not only improve our understanding of water flow and soil conditions in salt marshes but also shed light on soil evaporation in other hydrological systems.</p>

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