The Influence of Botanical Composition of Pasture Agrophytocenosis on the Crop Yield of Perennial Grasses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Stolyarchuk ◽  
Vera Vakhrusheva
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Botanical Composition

BOTANICAL COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PERENNIAL GRASSES AGROPHYTOCENOSES WITH TETRAPLOID MEADOW CLOVER

1970 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
N. I. Kasatkina ◽  
Zh. S. Nelyubina
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
The Third

The biological properties of plants, their mutual relations under different growth conditions and at different periods of their life, must be known for obtaining highly productive agrophytocenoses with participation of a meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Botanical composition and fodder productivity of perennial grasses in agrocenoses with participation of meadow tetraploid clover Kudesnik were studied in 2014-2017. It was revealed that in the first and second years of use the agrophytocenosis, the yield of green mass was formed due to meadow tetraploid clover, the share of its participation in the first mowing was at level of 71-87% and 64-97% respectively. Specific weight of clover in multispecies agrocenoses considerably decreased by the third year of use: in the first mowing up to 32-68%, in the second - up to 8-52%. At the same time, the percentage of long-term herbaceous grasses increased: meadow timothy (Phleum pratense L.) - up to 34-54%, eastern galega (Galéga orientális Lam.) - up to 33%, changeable alfalfa (Medicago x varia Martyn) - up to 22-54%, lotus corniculatus (Lotus corniculatus L.) - up to 14-19%. The proportion of weed admixture in single-species clover planting was 12%, in agrocenoses - 2-14%. The grass mixtures clover + timothy and clover + alfalfa + timothy were less infested by weeds. High yield of dry weight of single-species sowing of meadow tetraploid clover was obtained in the first two years of use - 7.8 and 6.5 tons / ha, respectively. By the third year of use, the productivity of clover has decreased to 2.9 t / ha. On average, for three years of use, the highest yield (6.2-6.3 t / ha) was formed by agrocenoses meadow tetraploid clover + meadow timothy and meadow tetraploid clover + changeable alfalfa + meadow timothy.

Satellite derived maps of pasture growth status: association of classification with botanical composition

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 547 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Vickery ◽  
M. J. Hill ◽  
G. E. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Bayesian Probability ◽  
Cumulative Probability ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Native Pastures

Summary. Spectral data from the green, red and near-infrared bands of Landsat MSS and Landsat TM satellite imagery acquired in mid-spring were classified into 3 and 6 pasture growth classes respectively. The classifications were compared with a site database of botanical composition for the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales to examine the association between spectral growth class and pasture composition. Pastures ranged in composition from unimproved native perennial grasses through semi-improved mixtures of native and naturalised grasses and legumes to highly improved temperate perennial grasses and legumes. For 3 years of MSS data, the fast growth class had a mean botanical composition of about 80% improved perennial grass and 0% native; medium growth class averaged 46% improved perennial grass and 14% native; while the slow growth class had about 60% native and 1% improved perennial grass when averaged over 3 years of MSS data. For the 6 class TM data from a single year, a predictive logistic regression of cumulative probability was developed for percentage of ‘very fast’ growth pixels and ordered 10 percentile categories of improved perennial grass or native grass. Differences in patch characteristics between classes with MSS disappeared with TM reclassified to the same 3 class level. Most probable pasture type was inferred from 3 class MSS and TM data using Bayesian probability analysis. The resulting maps were similar in general appearance but detail was better with the TM data. The pasture growth classification identified highly improved perennial grass pastures and native pastures but sensitivity to intermediate pasture types was poor. Future improvement will come from direct measurement of biophysical characteristics using vegetation indices or inversion of reflectance models.

scholarly journals Changes in yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) abundance after drought implications for pasture management

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.N. Tozer ◽  
T.K. James ◽  
C.A. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Previous Summer

Yellow bristle grass (YBG) which is a summeractive annual grass reduces pasture quality and becomes unpalatable to stock as panicles mature Farmers are concerned that an extreme drought from November 2007 to March 2008 may have facilitated the spread of YBG and other summeractive annual grass weeds Botanical composition was assessed on 12 Waikato dairy farms in February 2009 and YBG abundance was related to key management factors These findings were compared with data collected from the same farms (February 2008) during the drought Between years ryegrass cover and the proportion of bare ground decreased These components were replaced by two summeractive annual grasses YBG and summer grass and to a lesser extent summeractive perennial grasses clovers and dicots In 2009 YBG cover was negatively associated with summeractive perennial grass cover and pH and positively associated with YBG cover in the previous summer and soil calcium levels

Pasture management in semi-arid tropical woodlands: effects on herbage yields and botanical composition

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 705 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG McIvor ◽  
CJ Gardener
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Stylosanthes Hamata ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
Native Pastures ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Yield Responses

The effects of pasture management options (introduced legumes and grasses, superphosphate, timber treatment, cultivation before sowing, stocking rate) on the yield and botanical composition of pastures were measured from 1982 to 1992 at 2 sites, Hillgrove (extractable phosphorus, 50 mg P/kg) and Cardigan (extractable P, 6 mg/kg), near Charters Towers, northeastern Queensland. Despite generally poor establishment and growing conditions, some sown species (Stylosanthes hamata, S. scabra, Cenchrus ciliaris, Urochloa mosambicensis) established and persisted at both sites. The initial sown grass populations were small but yields increased markedly towards the end of the experiment. There were no yield responses by the native pastures to superphosphate, but the sown pastures responded at Cardigan, although not at Hillgrove. There were large yield responses to tree killing. The percentage increase in herbage yield following tree killing increased as the available water in the soil during the growing season decreased, and was greater at the higher fertility Hillgrove site. Overall, the native pastures were dominated by perennial grasses, but annual grasses and forbs increased on plots with live trees and high stocking rates towards the end of the trial. sown grasses, particularly C. ciliaris, became dominant (and are likely to remain so) at Hillgrove and on plots with superphosphate at Cardigan, especially where the trees were killed. Productive, mixed pastures with reasonable proportions of both grass and legume were maintained under live trees.

Impact of phosphorus application and sheep grazing on the botanical composition of sown pasture and naturalised, native grass pasture

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Hill ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
A. D. Moore ◽  
P. Graham ◽  
D. F. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Basal Cover ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
P Application ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
Stocking Rates

Botanical composition (basal cover) was measured in 4 replicated pasture treatments based on Phalaris aquatica and Trifolium subterraneum at Hall, ACT (unfertilised with low and high stocking rate; fertilised with low and high stocking rate) and in 2 unreplicated pasture treatments based on native perennial grasses (Austrodanthonia spp. and Microlaena stipoides) and T. subterraneum at Bookham, NSW (unfertilised and low stocking rate; fertilised and high stocking rate). Current economic pressures are encouraging graziers to increase their use of phosphorus (P) fertiliser and to adopt higher stocking rates. The objective of the research was to determine the changes in botanical composition that may result from these changes in grazing systems management. At Hall, annual species differed in their responses to P fertility. Notably, basal cover of Bromus spp. increased significantly with P application, whereas Vulpia spp. decreased significantly. Basal cover of T. subterraneum also increased significantly with P application when stocking rate was high, but was reduced by P application if stocking rate was low. Basal cover of perennial grasses (P. aquatica and Holcus lanatus) was significantly higher at low stocking rate when P was applied. The botanical composition of high stocking rate treatments was relatively stable over time, which contrasted with less stable composition at low stocking rate. At Bookham, fertilised pasture in unreplicated paddocks appeared to have a higher basal cover of productive annual species (i.e. Bromus spp. and T. subterraneum), but native perennial grasses appeared to have lower basal cover in comparison with the unfertilised area. These results indicated that in some cases, the influence of P fertiliser and high stocking rates on botanical composition was favourable (i.e. increased basal cover of P. aquatica and T. subterraneum) and in others it could be detrimental (i.e. lower basal cover of native perennial grasses).

Changes in the Quantitative Floristics in Some Astrebla Spp. (Mitchell Grass) Communities in South-Western Queensland in Relation to Trends in Seasonal Rainfall

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Orr
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Seasonal Rainfall ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Basal Cover ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Annual Grasses

Seasonal changes in the quantitative floristics at a wide range of Astrebla grassland sites in south-western Queensland were monitored between 1972 and 1980 with a wheel point apparatus. Changes in the floristics were measured in terms of both relative abundance and basal cover. A large increase in the relative abundance of perennial grasses, particularly Aristida latifolia, Astrebla spp. and Dichanthium sericeum, occurred between 1972 and 1976. This increase was at the expense of annual grasses and forbs which declined in both relative abundance and number of genera present. The relative abundance of perennial grasses declined between 1978 and 1980 and this was associated with a large increase in the forbs such as Daucus glochidiatus and Plantago spp., particularly at southern sites. The contribution of annual grasses to botanical composition remained low throughout the period. Total basal cover differed between years although these differences were not significant. As perennial grass, particularly Astrebla spp., was the major vegetation component of total basal cover, changes in the latter were associated mainly with changes in the basal cover of Astrebla spp. Changes in the contribution of individual species to total basal cover were related to changes in the relative abundance of those species. Changes in botanical composition in Astrebla grassland may be influenced more by trends in seasonal rainfall than by grazing pressure.

The influence of climate, soil, and management on the composition of native grass pastures on the central, southern, and Monaro tablelands of New South Wales

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 925 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Garden ◽  
P. M . Dowling ◽  
D. A. Eddy ◽  
H. I. Nicol
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Stock Management ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Stock Type

Pastures on 126 properties on the central, southern, and Monaro tablelands were surveyed to determine their botanical composition. Data on climate, soils, pasture sowing, fertiliser history, and stock management were collected to relate current composition to environmental factors and previous management. Native grass-based pastures were found to be widespread, and in many cases, pastures were dominated by native grasses, despite many decades of pasture improvement. Seventeen genera of native perennial grasses comprising over 35 species were identified. The most common species on the central tablelands were Austrodanthonia spp., Bothriochloa macra, and Microlaena stipoides; on the southern tablelands, Austrodanthoniaspp. and M. stipoides; and on the Monaro, Poa spp., Austrodanthonia spp., Themeda australis, and Austrostipa spp. Soil type was the most important factor affecting species distribution, and other soil attributes such as texture, pH, P, and N were also important. Environmental (rainfall) and management (superphosphate application, stock type, stocking rate) factors also influenced distribution. The significant areas of native grass pastures that were found suggest a decline in sown species and a recolonisation of sown pastures with native grasses. The potential for manipulation of botanical composition of these grasslands is discussed, together with their value for production and sustainability.

The influence of sowing method on perennial grass establishment. I. Dry matter yield and botanical composition

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
WD Bellotti ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Effect On Yield

'Demeter' tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and 'Victorian' perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were sown separately into a white clover (Trifolium repens L.) dominant pasture in June 1981. Eight sowing methods were compared to assess the ability of perennial grasses to establish from direct drill sowing methods relative to conventional seedbed and aerial sowing methods. Within direct drill treatments, two drill implements were factorially combined with three herbicide treatments. Pasture production and botanical composition were sampled over a 27 month period following sowing. After a dry summer, 22 months after sowing, sown grasses dominated pasture composition (69-94% of total dry matter yield) in the high yielding treatments. At this time, the successful direct drill treatments were similar in yield to the conventional seedbed treatment. Within direct drill treatments, sowing implement had little effect on yield and composition, whereas herbicide application markedly increased sown grass yield. Pre-sowing blanket application of herbicide in the triple disc treatment increased tall fescue yield from 82 to 1504 kg ha-1 and perennial ryegrass yield from 98 to 807 kg ha-1. An inverse relationship was described between dry matter present at sowing and eventual yield of sown grasses. These perennial grasses can be successfully established by using direct drill sowing methods provided resident vegetation is adequately suppressed.

scholarly journals The Productive Longevity Of Perennial Grasses Swards Depending On The Npk Fertilizer Rates

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
P. Berzins ◽  
S. Rancane ◽  
A. Svarta
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Grass Sward

The longevity and producing capacity of perennial grasses swards was studied on mineral soils at the LUA Research Institute of Agriculture in long-term experiment during 1974-2010. There were applied lime and mineral fertilizers with different NPK doses (0-400 kg ha-1) protractedly many years. In such way there formed soils with various content of P, K, organic matter content and pHKCl level as well. Research results showed that liming of soils and using of mineral fertilizer changed not only productivity of grass mixtures but also botanical composition. Mineral fertilizer N200P100K300 provided the highest yield of dry matter – 7.32 - 12.0 t ha-1 and optimal botanical composition of a sward during many years. On unlimed soils (pHKCL less then 4.0 in 1997) dry matter yields of grass sward was substantially lower and there was observed disappearance of seeded valuable grasses out of the sward and increase of herbs and non-seeded grasses –Festuca rubra L., Agrostis tenuis Sibth., Taraxacum officinale Wigg. and others. Liming of soils increased dry matter yield in treatments with high doses of N (300-400) fertilizer.

Fertiliser and grazing effects on production and botanical composition ofnative grasslands in south-east Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Garden ◽  
N. J. S. Ellis ◽  
M. A. Rab ◽  
C. M. Langford ◽  
W. H. Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Cover ◽  
Trigger Points ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Native Grasslands ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Sheep Production

The effects of application of superphosphate and grazing on production and botanical composition of native grasslands were investigated at 3 locations in the high rainfall zone of south-east Australia. These studies were conducted as part of the Sustainable Grazing Systems Key Program, which investigated various aspects of grassland productivity and sustainability between 1996 and 2001. Grasslands in this study either had high contents of Themeda australis or Austrodanthonia spp., or were based on a degraded Austrodanthonia spp. grassland with a high content of annual and weedy species. All sites used increasing levels of superphosphate application (nil, low, medium and high) as treatments, with clover being added in some treatments at 1 site, and herbicide in 1 treatment at another site. Grazing (sheep) was continuous at 1 site (with stocking rates matched to pasture productivity) and intermittent at other sites, with grazing being dictated by available herbage between defined trigger points. Climate was monitored and changes in soil P, herbage mass, botanical composition, ground cover and sheep production recorded. Changes in composition resulting from the treatments varied between sites. At the continuously grazed Austrodanthonia spp. site, there was a decline in native perennial grasses throughout the experiment and an increase in exotic annual grasses in spring where superphosphate was applied. The grassland at the T. australis site remained relatively stable, which may have been due to the limited amount of grazing applied. The degraded Austrodanthonia�spp. grassland showed wide seasonal fluctuations in annual species. There were no clear effects of treatments at the latter 2 sites. Sheep production increased with increased superphosphate application at the continuously grazed Austrodanthonia spp. site, but there was little effect at the other 2 sites. Recommendations are made for sustainable management of native grasslands depending on their current botanical state.

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