scholarly journals Fungal colonization of the brain: anatomopathological aspects of neurological cryptococcosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (2 suppl) ◽  
pp. 1293-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA CAROLINE COLOMBO ◽  
MARCIO L. RODRIGUES
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Brain Infection ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Brain

Brain infection by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans results in an estimated 500,000 human deaths per annum. Colonization of the central nervous system (CNS) by C. neoformans causes different clinical syndromes that involve interaction of a number of fungal components with distinct brain cells. In this manuscript, our literature review confirmed the notion that the Cryptococcus field is expanding rapidly, but also suggested that studies on neuropathogenesis still represent a small fraction of basic research activity in the field. We therefore discussed anatomical and physiological aspects of the brain during infection by C. neoformans, in addition to mechanisms by which brain resident cells interact with the fungus. This review suggests that multiple efforts are necessary to improve the knowledge on how C. neoformans affects brain cells, in order to enable the generation of new therapeutic tools in a near future.

scholarly journals Standarization of a Protocol of Immunohistochemistry for the Detection of Brain Microglia in Wistar Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Karol Ramírez Chan DDS, MSc, PhD ◽  
Jaime Jaime Fornaguera-Trías PhD
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Secondary Antibody ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Microglia Morphology

Objective: Standardize a protocol of immunohistochemistry that has been widely used in C57BL/6J mice to identify microglia of the central nervous system in Wistar rats.  Materials and Methods: This research activity was carried out in two parts. In the first part, a protocol of immunohistochemistry was implemented to identify microglia in the central nervous system of 6 Wistar rats. A primary antibody with reactivity to rat and a specific secondary antibody to the primary were used. Once the protocol was established in rats' brains, an immunological challenge was produced with the intraperitoneal application of lipopolysaccharide in 2 Wistar rats, in order to evidence the changes in microglia morphology.  Results and Discussion: We demonstrate that without making major modifications to the original protocol, it can also be used to identify microglia in adult Wistar rats. In the near future, this immunostaining protocol will be applied to elucidate the bidirectional interaction between the brain and the immune system, under homeostatic conditions and different physiological and pathological stimuli.

Presence of antibody in virus-infected brain cells of SSPE ferrets

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 804-805
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Brown ◽  
Tammy L. Donato ◽  
Halldor Thormar
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Measles virus specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been found in the brains of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a slowly progressing disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in children. IgG/albumin ratios indicate that the antibodies are synthesized within the CNS. Using the ferret as an animal model to study the disease, we have been attempting to localize the Ig's in the brains of animals inoculated with a cell associated strain of SSPE. In an earlier report, preliminary results using Protein A conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (PrAPx) (Dynatech Diagnostics Inc., South Windham, ME.) to detect antibodies revealed the presence of immunoglobulin mainly in antibody-producing plasma cells in inflammatory lesions and not in infected brain cells.In the present experiment we studied the brain of an SSPE ferret with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:1024 in serum and 1:512 in CSF at time of sacrifice 7 months after i.c. inoculation with SSPE measles virus-infected cells. The animal was perfused with saline and portions of the brain and spinal cord were immersed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (P-L-P) fixative. The ferret was not perfused with fixative because parts of the brain were used for virus isolation.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Otak Anak Usia Dini dalam Mengenal Calistung

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-222
Author(s):  
Zulfatun Anisah
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Child's Brain

The introduction of calistung in AUD focuses on brain optimization of children. The child's brain has a trillion brain cells and trillions of brain-nerve cell connections. Brain nerves. influenced by the number of myelin that awakened at the age of 0-2 years which will determine the ability of abstract thinking, scientific thinking at the formal stage of operations. The backbone and cerebral cortex are the central nervous system for humans. the physical body of the child can be trained through mild exercise. Other parts of the brain in the form of cerebral cortex handle the functions of intellectual and language. Parents or nannies can provide stimulation as needed. The results suggest that children from families with high language intake received higher IQ scores at age three. So is the case with children who get more cognitive stimulation, they are more skilled in language activities. Age of AUD precisely began to learn to read if it has reached the mental age, ie 5-5.5 years.

scholarly journals Hyponatremia – unfavourable prognostic factor in hepatic cirrhosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-210
Author(s):  
Aurelia Enescu ◽  
F. Petrescu ◽  
P. Mitruţ ◽  
V. Pădureanu ◽  
Octavia Ileana Petrescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Cirrhosis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Hepatic Disease ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Hepatic Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
End Stage ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Unfavourable Prognostic Factor

Abstract Hyponatremia is defined by a level of Na in serum below or equal to 136 mEq/L while in hepatic cirrhosis it is classically considered as relevant only at a level of Na below 130 mEq/L. Hyponatremia frequently occurs in patients with end-stage hepatic disease. The frequency and severity are variable but it has been estimated that it occurs with a frequency of 57% in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and in those on waiting lists for hepatic transplants. Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia are related to dysfunctions of the central nervous system, due to migration of the water from intravascular space to the brain cells, resulting in the occurrence of cerebral edema. Therapeutic options in hyponatremia are limited and are based on restriction of water consumption, exclusion of diuretics and vaptans. Hepatic transplant remains the only definitive treatment for end-stage hepatic diseases in which hyponatremia has occurred.

scholarly journals NANONEUROLOGY

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-204
Author(s):  
Rodica Balasa ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Neural Regeneration ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
High Efficacy ◽  
Healthcare Applications ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

In the last two decades, nanotechnology has acquired a new dimension in medicine and healthcare. Applications of nanotechnology to neurology complement other approaches for the research, diagnosis and treatment of the neurological diseases/disorders (nanoneurology). The clinical challenges imposed by the central nervous system (CNS) and the obstacles faced by anything designed to target and interface with CNS are a result of its unique anatomophysiology. In this context, we can mention the possibilities of nanoparticles (drugs, contrast agents) to cross through blood-brain-barrier. Once entered in CNS, the nanoparticles need to selectively target its intended cells or ligands and only then carry out its primary functions. A promising area that has seen marked progress involves nanoengineered technologies for imaging anatomofunctional structures and for tracking transplanted stem cells and related applications with high efficacy and at high spatial resolutions. Several “nano” formulations are being investigated as potential carries for drug of various classes to treat the neurological diseases (e.g.: demyelinating, degenerative, stroke, epilepsy). Other potential future applications of nanotechnology include the use of nanoengineered functional scaffold systems for promoting neural regeneration following both acute and chronic neurological injury. Applications of nanotechnology to neurology and to neuroscience more broadly, represent emerging next-generation basic research, diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

scholarly journals What pd Research in China Tells Us

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Qiang Yao ◽  
Jie Dong ◽  
Tao Feng ◽  
Bengt Lindholm
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Near Future

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) was introduced in China later than in most Western countries, and PD research activity was quite limited until the 1990s. However, in the 2000s, and even more so during the last decade, there has been an unsurpassed increase in the number of PD patients, paralleled by a substantial increase in PD research activity reflected by an increasing number of PD papers from China. In this brief review, we describe some of the factors that may explain the dramatic developments in PD research in mainland China, such as the focus on basic research using scientific approaches that subsequently could be applied also in clinical studies. Another important factor was the growing interactions with international PD research centers in Hong Kong and in Western countries. Thanks to strong support from Chinese national and regional funding sources, a growing number of young Chinese researchers went to key international PD centers to learn about novel advanced research techniques. This paved the way for long-lasting, productive collaborations with benefits also for the foreign host institutions. Finally, we present some current research projects, including basic research that may contribute to the understanding of mechanisms behind complications such as peritonitis, and clinical projects aiming at improving PD management guidelines and better understanding of the potential of PD in China. Because of the size of the PD population, now the largest in the world, and the increasing number, and quality, of researchers in the PD field, PD research in China is destined to be a major contributor to advancements in PD in the near future.

scholarly journals Zika virus infects pericytes in the choroid plexus and enters the central nervous system through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihye Kim ◽  
Michal Hetman ◽  
Eyas M. Hattab ◽  
Joshua Joiner ◽  
Brian Alejandro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Brain Infection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Host Brain

ABSTRACTZika virus (ZIKV) can infect and cause microcephaly and Zika-associated neurological complications in the developing fetal and adult brains. In terms of pathogenesis, a critical question is how ZIKV overcomes the barriers separating the brain from the circulation and gains access to the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the importance of ZIKV pathogenesis, the route ZIKV utilizes to cross CNS barriers remains unclear.Here we show that in mouse models, ZIKV-infected cells initially appeared in the periventricular regions of the brain, including the choroid plexus and the meninges, prior to infection of the cortex. The appearance of ZIKV in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) preceded infection of the brain parenchyma. We show that ZIKV infects pericytes in the choroid plexus, and that ZIKV infection of pericytes is dependent on AXL receptor tyrosine kinase. Using an in vitro Transwell system, we highlight the possibility of ZIKV to move from the blood side to CSF side, across the choroid plexus epithelial layers, via a nondestructive pathway (e.g., transcytosis). Finally, we demonstrate that brain infection is significantly attenuated by neutralization of the virus in the CSF, indicating that ZIKV in the CSF at the early stage of infection might be responsible for establishing a lethal infection of the brain. Taken together, our results suggest that ZIKV invades the host brain by exploiting the blood-CSF barrier rather than the blood-brain barrier.AUTHOR SUMMARYZika virus invades the human brains and causes Zika-associated neurological complications; however, the mechanism(s) by which Zika virus accesses the central nerves system remain unclear. Understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms will shed light on development of novel therapeutic and prophylactic targets for Zika virus and other neurotropic viruses. Here we use in vivo and in vitro models to understand how Zika virus enters the brain. In mouse models, we found that Zika virus infects pericytes in the choroid plexus at very early stages of infection and neutralization of Zika virus in the cerebrospinal fluid significantly attenuate the brain infection. Further we show evidence that Zika virus can cross the epithelial cell layers in the choroid plexus from the blood side. Our research highlights that ZIKV invades the host brain by exploiting the blood-CSF barrier rather than the blood-brain barrier.

scholarly journals A Window into the Heterogeneity of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid AβPeptides

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Ghidoni ◽  
Anna Paterlini ◽  
Valentina Albertini ◽  
Elena Stoppani ◽  
Giuliano Binetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Human Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Communication Modes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Obvious Source

The initiating event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an imbalance in the production and clearance of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides leading to the formation of neurotoxic brain Aβassemblies. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), which is a continuum of the brain, is an obvious source of markers reflecting central neuropathologic features of brain diseases. In this review, we provide an overview and update on our current understanding of the pathobiology of human CSF Aβpeptides. Specifically, we focused our attention on the heterogeneity of the CSF Aβworld discussing (1) basic research studies and what has been translated to clinical practice, (2) monomers and other soluble circulating Aβassemblies, and (3) communication modes for Aβpeptides and their microenvironment targets. Finally, we suggest that Aβpeptides as well as other key signals in the central nervous system (CNS), mainly involved in learning and hence plasticity, may have a double-edged sword action on neuron survival and function.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Ultrastructural morphology of neurosecretory neurons in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Grazia Tagliafierro ◽  
Cristiana Crosa ◽  
Marco Canepa ◽  
Tiziano Zanin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Balanus Amphitrite ◽  
Neurosecretory Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Dense Core Granules ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ocellar Nerve

Barnacles are very specialized Crustacea, with strongly reduced head and abdomen. Their nervous system is rather simple: the brain or supra-oesophageal ganglion (SG) is a small bilobed structure and the toracic ganglia are fused into a single ventral mass, the suboesophageal ganglion (VG). Neurosecretion was shown in barnacle nervous system by histochemical methods and numerous putative hormonal substances were extracted and tested. Recently six different types of dense-core granules were visualized in the median ocellar nerve of Balanus hameri and serotonin and FMRF-amide like substances were immunocytochemically detected in the nervous system of Balanus amphitrite. The aim of the present work is to localize and characterize at ultrastructural level, neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in the VG of Balanus amphitrite.Specimens of Balanus amphitrite were collected in the port of Genova. The central nervous system were Karnovsky fixed, osmium postfixed, ethanol dehydrated and Durcupan ACM embedded. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Ultrastructural observations were made on a Philips M 202 and Zeiss 109 T electron microscopy.

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