scholarly journals Differential behavior of the summer cover crops in the absorption and translocation of copper

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo Vendruscolo ◽  
Natielo Almeida Santana ◽  
Kelen Müller Souto ◽  
Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira ◽  
George Wellington Bastos de Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Canavalia Ensiformis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Phosphorus Absorption ◽  
High Copper

ABSTRACT: Phytoremediation is an alternative technique used to treat copper-contaminated soils. The objective of this research was to explore the behavior of nine summer cover crops regarding the growth, absorption and translocation of copper in soils with contamination levels exceeding the Value of Prevention, with a view to selecting plants for phytoremediation programs. In the experiments the Cambisol was contaminated with copper, added in doses of 0, 100, 200, 400, 500 and 600mg kg-1, in which the following nine plants were cultivated under greenhouse conditions: Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan, Dolichos lablad, Mucuna cinereum, Mucuna aterrima, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Pennisetum glaucum and Paspalum notatum. At 90 days after sowing the plants were evaluated for dry mass of shoot and root, Cu, N, P, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe levels in the shoot and Cu in the roots. High soil Cu levels induced a decline in the phosphorus absorption by the plants. Canavalia ensiformis displayed high potential for phytoextraction as these plants could translocate high copper concentrations to the aerial plant parts, while the Mucuna cinereum and M. aterrima are indicated for the copper phytostabilization programs, due to the high copper accumulation in their root systems.

scholarly journals Dry Mass Accumulation, Nutrients and Decomposition of Cover Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiane Conceição de Sousa ◽  
João Carlos Medeiros ◽  
Julian Junio de Jesus Lacerda ◽  
Jaqueline Dalla Rosa ◽  
Cácio Luiz Boechat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Crotalaria Spectabilis

The use of cover crops is an important strategy for soil management in the Brazilian Cerrado to improve no-tillage (NT) systems. For this, it is necessary know the potential of cover crop species for biomass production, nutrient cycling, and persistence of residues on the soil surface in soils and climatic conditions of this biome. Thus, the experiment was developed to evaluate the agronomic potential of cover crops cultivated on an Oxisol (Latossolo Amarelo) in the Cerrado of Piauí, Brazil. The experiment was conducted from January 2015 to July 2016. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with 11 treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of single and intercropped cover species. The evaluations were: dry mass production, nutritional composition of the plants, nutrient accumulation by dry mass produced and decomposition rate of the dry mass produced for each treatment. The higher dry matter production was obtained with Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan (cv. IAC-Fava larga), Pennisetum glaucum and Brachiaria ruziziensis. The lower dry matter production was obtained with Mucuna aterrima, and mix of Crotalaria spectabilis + Pennisetum glaucum. The higher nutrients accumulation in the plants occurred for Cajanus cajan (cv. IAC-Fava larga), Crotalaria juncea and Crotalaria spectabilis. The cover plants studied presented good potential for soil conservation, due to the permanence of residues on the surface, except for Mucuna aterrima and Crotalaria spectabilis.

scholarly journals Allelopathic potential of Cover Crops in Control of Shrubby False Buttonweed (Spermacoce verticillata)

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. VARGAS ◽  
A.M.A. PASSOS ◽  
D. KARAM
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Canavalia Ensiformis ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Tillage System

ABSTRACT: Searching for alternatives to deal with weeds without the exclusive use of herbicides can increase the sustainability of agricultural production in the Amazon region. This study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic potential of cover crops on the weed shrubby false buttonweed (Spermacoce verticillata L.). Three straw levels (1; 2.5 and 5 mg cm-2) of thirteen cover crops (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, C. ochroleuca, C. spectabilis, Mucuna aterrima, M. cinereum, Pennisetum glaucum, Sorghum bicolor, S. sudanense, Urochloa brizanha cv. Xaraés, U. brizantha cv. Piatã and U. ruziziensis) were assessed on germination and initial growth of weed and lettuce. We carried out two experiments (weed and lettuce) in a factorial scheme (cover crops x straw levels) with additional treatment (control without straw) in a completely randomized experimental design, with four replicates. The straw of the cover crops inhibited the germination and initial growth of the target plants. The highest straw levels promoted 44.0 and 78.8% reductions in radicle length in relation to the lowest dose (1 mg cm-2), for lettuce and Spermacoce verticillata, respectively. The highest sensitivity to allelochemicals occurred on the radicle. The major suppressive effects on weed germination were promoted by Cajanus cajan, Urochloa brizanha cv. Xaraés, Mucuna cinereum, M. aterrima, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis and U. ruziziensis. Cover crops use is an integrated practice management to control Spermacoce verticillata under no-tillage system.

scholarly journals Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil with Sulfentrazone by Different Density of Crotalaria juncea

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. FERRAÇO ◽  
A.F. BELO ◽  
F.R. PIRES ◽  
R. BONOMO ◽  
A.C. FILHO
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Bioindicator Species ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Minimum Density

ABSTRACT: In phytoremediation programs of contaminated soil with herbicides, it is necessary to determine the appropriate density of phytoremediation species, since this practice will contribute to the efficiency of the process. The aim of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the influence of density in Crotalaria juncea on the phytoremediation of contaminated soils with the sulfentrazone herbicide. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using plastics pots. The treatments were the combination of density of C. juncea, (0, 60, 120 and 240 plants m-2) and doses of sulfentrazone (0, 200 and 400 g i.a. ha-1). The herbicide was applied on the pots and then the species used for phytoremediation were sown. At 75 days after emergence, the plants were cut close to the ground and discarded. Posteriorly, the bioindicator species for sulfentrazone, Pennisetum glaucum, was planted in each pot. In the absence of previous cultivation of C. juncea, the fresh mass and dry mass of shoot and root of P. glaucum were lower than those obtained with the previous cultivation. As the density of C. juncea increased, there was an increase in fresh mass and dry mass, regardless of the sulfentrazone dose applied to the soil. The earlier cultivation of C. juncea led to the remediation of the soil contaminated with sulfentrazone. The minimum density of C. juncea which allows P. glaucum to develop is 120 plants m-2.

scholarly journals Effect of cover crops residues on crambe cultivation

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 8517-8523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Pradi Vendruscolo ◽  
Daniel Cardoso Brandão ◽  
Lucas Marquezan Nascimento ◽  
Luiz Fernandes Cardoso Campos ◽  
Carlos De Melo Silva Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Crambe Abyssinica ◽  
Canavalia Ensiformis

El cultivo de Crambe abyssinica, es explotado comercialmente en Brasil, así la importancia de desarrollar estudios que posibiliten el perfeccionamiento de las técnicas involucradas en su producción. La plantación sobre restos culturales de diferentes especies de cobertura puede aumentar el desarrollo vegetativo y productivo del crambe. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el desarrollo vegetativo y reproductivo del crambe cultivado sobre restos culturales de diferentes especies, en sucesión al cultivo de lechuga crespa. El delineamiento experimental utilizado fue en bloques al azar. Los tratamientos correspondieron a restos culturales de plantas de cobertura, siendo estas: crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), frijol guandu (Cajanus cajan), frijol de porco (Canavalia ensiformis), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) y sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), además de un tratamiento control, con uso de vegetación espontánea. A los 49 días se evaluó altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número de hojas, contenido relativo de clorofila, número de ramas laterales, masa seca y fresca de la parte aérea. Las variables productivas se evaluaron a los 95 días después de la siembra, obteniendo la masa de granos por planta, el peso hectolitro de los granos. Posteriormente fue estimada la productividad de cada tratamiento y el ingreso bruto. Se verificó que mantener los restos culturales de plantas de cobertura beneficia el desarrollo vegetativo de la cultura de crambe y no altera la productividad de los granos. Esta técnica aumenta el beneficio económico del cultivo, siendo recomendada durante el barbecho, en detrimento del manejo de plantas espontáneas.

scholarly journals FEIJÃO-DE-PORCO E BRAQUIÁRIA CULTIVADOS EM SISTEMA SOLTEIRO E CONSORCIADO

Nativa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 622-629
Author(s):  
Franciele Caroline De Assis Valadão ◽  
Daniel Dias Valadão Júnior ◽  
Maíra Rizzi ◽  
Marcionilio Caetano De Souza Neto
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Coverage Rate ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Canavalia Ensiformis ◽  
Tillage System

Alguns fatores impedem que o Sistema de Plantio Direto (SPD) seja adotado em larga escala no Cerrado, dentro dos quais destacam-se a alta temperatura e alta pluviosidade característico do bioma que dificultam a manutenção da palhada sobre o solo e obtenção do verdadeiro SPD. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o melhor arranjo entre feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis) e braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis), quando cultivados com a finalidade de plantas de cobertura. O experimento foi implantado em Latossolo Vermelho de textura argilosa em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e cinco tratamentos sendo: cultivo solteiro de braquiária; cultivo solteiro de feijão-de-porco; 25% de braquiária + 75% de feijão-de-porco; 50% de braquiária + 50% de feijão-de-porco; 75% de braquiária + 25% de feijão-de-porco. Avaliou-se a taxa de cobertura do solo, densidade de raiz, acúmulo de fitomassa, teor e acúmulo de nutrientes, decomposição, tempo de meia vida (T½) e ciclagem de nutrientes pelas palhadas. Todos os tratamentos proporcionaram a taxa de 100% de cobertura. A relação N e C foi inversa nos tratamentos, sendo que os com maior presença de feijão-de-porco apresentaram maior teor de N e os com mais braquiária apresentaram maior teor C. O consórcio 50% braquiária + 50% feijão-de-porco se mostrou o arranjo mais favorável entre as duas espécies, visto que apresentou valores intermediários de taxa de cobertura, acúmulo e decomposição de massa seca e nutrientes, mantendo presente no sistema as características de ambas espécies. Palavras-chave: Canavalia ensiformis; plantas de cobertura; sistema de plantio direto; Urochloa ruziziensis.   JACK BEANS AND BRACHIARIA CULTIVATED IN A SINGLE AND CONSORTIUM SYSTEM   ABSTRACT: Some factors prevent the No-Tillage System from being widely adopted in the Cerrado, among which the high temperature and high rainfall characteristic of the biome stand out, making it difficult to maintain the straw over the soil and obtain the true No-Tillage System. The objective of this work was to determine the best arrangement between jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis) and brachiaria (Urochloa ruziziensis), when cultivated with the purpose of cover crops. The experiment was carried out in a clayey Latossolo Vermelho in randomized blocks with four replications and five treatments: single brachiaria cultivation; single cultivation of jack beans; 25% brachiaria + 75% jack beans; 50% brachiaria + 50% jack beans; 75% brachiaria + 25%jack beans. The soil cover rate, root density, phytomass accumulation, nutrient content and accumulation, decomposition, half-life (T½) and nutrient cycling through straw were evaluated. All treatments provided a 100% coverage rate. The N and C ratio was inverse in the treatments, with those with a higher presence of jack beans having a higher N content and those with more brachiaria having a higher C level. The consortium 50% brachiaria + 50% jack beans proved to be the most favorable arrangement between the two species, since it presented intermediate values ​​of coverage rate, accumulation and decomposition of dry mass and nutrients, keeping the characteristics of both species present in the system. Keywords: Canavalia ensiformis; cover crops; no-tillage system; Urochloa ruziziensis.

scholarly journals SELEÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES VEGETAIS TOLERANTES AO HERBICIDA HEXAZINONE

Nativa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Vanessa Silva Santos ◽  
Adriano Jakelaitis ◽  
Leandro Spíndola Pereira ◽  
Gustavo Dorneles de Sousa ◽  
Gustavo Silva de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Canavalia Ensiformis ◽  
Dolichos Lablab ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Crotalaria Spectabilis

Hexazinone é um herbicida utilizado na cultura da cana-de-açúcar e apresenta alta persistência no ambiente. Para detoxificar ambientes contaminados com hexazinone foi investigada a tolerância de plantas à molécula, testando-se dez espécies: capim-marandu (Urochloa brizantha), capim-ruziziensis (Urochloa ruziziensis), guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan), crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea e  Crotalaria spectabilis), feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis), lab-lab (Dolichos lablab), mucuna (Mucuna pruriens e Mucuna aterrima) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) tratadas com as doses de hexazinone de 0; 125,0; 187,5 e 375,0 g ia ha-1. A pesquisa foi delineada em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. O herbicida foi aplicado em vasos, contendo 6 kg de solo, e após 48 horas, foram semeadas as espécies vegetais. Foram avaliados a fitointoxicação e a altura das plantas (AP) aos 30 e aos 60 dias após a emergência (DAE) e a massa seca (MS) das plantas, aos 60 DAE. Na dose de 187,5 g ia ha-1, a espécie C. cajan apresentou menor fitointoxicação e maiores valores de AP e de MS da parte aérea em relação às demais espécies. Não houve diferença para a MS de raízes entre as espécies. C. cajan foi a espécie mais tolerante, o que a torna boa candidata para fitorremediar solo contaminado com hexazinone.Palavras-chave: fitorremediação; persistência; solo. SELECTION OF TOLERANT VEGETABLE SPECIES TO HEXAZINONE HERBICIDE ABSTRACT: Hexazinone is a herbicide used in the cultivation of sugarcane and has high persistence in the environment. To detoxify environments contaminated with this herbicide, the tolerance of plants in the presence of the molecule was investigated, testing 10 species: palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha), Urochloa ruziziensis, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), showy rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis), jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), indian bean (Dolichos lablab),  millet (Pennisetum glaucum), velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens and Mucuna aterrima) at different doses of the herbicide: 0, 125.0, 187.5 and 375.0 g ai ha-. The research was outlined in randomized blocks with four replicates. At 30 and 60 days after emergence (DAE) the phytotoxification and plant height (PA) were evaluated. The dry mass (DM) of the plants was measured at 60 DAE. At the rate of 187.5 g ai ha-1, the C. cajan species presented lower phytointoxication and higher values of PA and of DM of shoot above the other species. There was no difference for root DM between species. C. cajan was the most tolerant species, which makes it a good candidate for phytoremediation of soil contaminated with hexazinone.Keywords: phytoremediation; persistence; soil.

Plastic Mulch Color Effects on Light Micro-environment and Watermelon Plant Growth

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 474d-474
Author(s):  
N.K. Damayanthi Ranwala ◽  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Total Light ◽  
Dry Mass Partitioning

This study was conducted to evaluate the spectral properties of various colored plastic color mulches and to determine the effects of upwardly reflected light from the mulch surfaces on watermelon plant growth when differences in root zone temperatures are minimized. Two-week-old watermelon plants were grown with black mulch, red-painted mulch, SRM-Red mulch (Sonoco, Inc., Harstville, S.C.), and white mulch. Total light reflection (58 μmol·m–2·s–1 in 400–700 nm) and red: far-red (R:FR = 0.44) of reflected light were lower in black mulch and highest in white mulch (634 and 0.92, respectively). Both black mulch and white mulch had same blue:red (B:R = 0.6) while white mulch had higher B:FR (0.58) in reflected light compared to black mulch (0.26). Reflective properties of red mulches were somewhat similar, and R:FR, B:R, and B:FR were 0.8, 0.2, and 0.18, respectively. However, SRM-Red mulch had highest total light (355 μmol·m–2·s–1 in 400–700 nm) transmission through the mulch, and R:FR, B:R, and B:FR were 0.84, 0.28, and 0.23, respectively. Light transmission through the other mulches was nonsignificant. Watermelon plants grown with black mulch and red mulches had higher internode lengths compared to white mulch after 20 days. Further, plants grown under black had significant higher petiole elongation accompanied with higher dry mass partitioning to petioles, and lower partitioning to roots, stems, and leaves. There was no effects of surface mulch color on total plant dry mass or photosynthesis although plants with black had higher transpiration rate. This suggests the differential regulation of dry mass partitioning among plant parts due to mulch color. The similar plant responses with black mulch and white mulch to plants treated with FR or R light at the end of photoperiod implies the involvement of phytochrome regulation of growth due to mulch surface color.

scholarly journals Effects of Cover Crops, Compost, and Vermicompost on Strawberry Yields and Nitrogen Availability in North Carolina

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 604-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Beck ◽  
Michelle S. Schroeder-Moreno ◽  
Gina E. Fernandez ◽  
Julie M. Grossman ◽  
Nancy G. Creamer
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N

Summer cover crop rotations, compost, and vermicompost additions can be important strategies for transition to organic production that can provide various benefits to crop yields, nitrogen (N) availability, and overall soil health, yet are underused in strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) production in North Carolina. This study was aimed at evaluating six summer cover crop treatments including pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), pearl millet/soybean combination, pearl millet/cowpea combination, and a no cover crop control, with and without vermicompost additions for their effects on strawberry growth, yields, nutrient uptake, weeds, and soil inorganic nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen in a 2-year field experiment. Compost was additionally applied before seeding cover crops and preplant N fertilizer was reduced by 67% to account for organic N additions. Although all cover crops (with compost) increased soil N levels during strawberry growth compared with the no cover crop treatment, cover crops did not impact strawberry yields in the first year of the study. In the 2nd year, pearl millet cover crop treatments reduced total and marketable strawberry yields, and soybean treatments reduced marketable strawberry yields when compared with the no cover crop treatment, whereas vermicompost additions increased strawberry biomass and yields. Results from this study suggest that vermicompost additions can be important sustainable soil management strategies for transitional and certified organic strawberry production. Summer cover crops integrated with composts can provide considerable soil N, reducing fertilizer needs, but have variable responses on strawberry depending on the specific cover crop species or combination. Moreover, these practices are suitable for both organic and conventional strawberry growers and will benefit from longer-term studies that assess these practices individually and in combination and other benefits in addition to yields.

Relationships between cover performance and date of fall-seeding where winter rye was broadcast into a standing potato crop

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-274
Author(s):  
Linnell M. Edwards ◽  
John M. Sadler
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Winter Ground ◽  
Post Harvest

Winter rye was broadcast into a potato crop just after topkilling with the object of avoiding post-harvest delays in establishing a winter ground cover. Rye treatments were interseeded (i) at intervals of 1 d for up to 10 d before potato digging, without post-harvest tillage and (ii) just after digging and preparatory seedbed tillage as a comparative standard. Generally, cover performance of rye, measured as plant count, tiller count or dry mass of plants showed significant (P < 0.05) increase with decreasing days to potato digging up to 3 or 4 d before digging. There was no sacrifice of rye cover using this inter-seeding approach compared with traditional post-(potato) harvest seeding in a prepared seedbed. Seeding 3–4 d before potato harvest is recommended on the basis of superior fall plant count, spring tiller count and shoot dry mass, and winter survival indices on either of these days.Key words: Cover crops, winter rye, winter survival, companion cropping

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