scholarly journals Effect of grain particle size on energy values and chemical components of diets for Label Rouge broilers

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heloisa Baleroni Rodrigues de Godoy ◽  
Kênia Ferreira Rodrigues ◽  
Alessandra Gimenez Mascarenhas ◽  
Eder de Sousa Fernandes ◽  
Saullo Diogo de Assis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Geometric Standard Deviation ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Ground Corn

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values as well as the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, protein, and ether extract of corn, pearl millet, and sorghum in different particle sizes for slow-growing broilers. Two experiments were carried out involving 280 chicks of the Label Rouge® Naked Neck broiler line, with 140 chicks allotted to each experiment in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of a reference diet and a test diet (60% reference diet + 40% feedstuff). The feedstuffs were tested and particle size (expressed as geometric mean diameter [GMD, μm] and geometric standard deviation [GSD], respectively) results were 816 and 1.73 for coarsely ground corn, 794 and 1.75 for finely ground corn, 1.517 and 1.92 for pearl millet grain, 760 and 1.63 for finely ground pearl millet (Experiment 1); and 1,866 and 1.86 for whole grain sorghum, 919 and 1.62 for coarsely ground sorghum, and 878 and 1.72 for finely ground sorghum (Experiment 2). A metabolism trial was conducted by using the total excreta collection method to obtain the AME and AMEn values as well as the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, protein, and ether extract. The energy metabolization coefficient did not differ (P > 0.05) between the grains in the different tested particle sizes. However, there was an improvement in the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, and ether extract as the particle size of corn was increased. In conclusion, larger grain particle sizes improve the metabolizability of nutrients and energy for slow-growing broilers. Whole-grain sorghum has limited nutritional utilization for slow-growing birds up to 21 days of age.

scholarly journals Different Ground Corn Particle Size in Supplements for Young Bulls Grazing During Intensive System Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucien Bissi da Freiria ◽  
Joanis Tilemahos Zervoudakis ◽  
Nelcino Francisco de Paula ◽  
Mozart Alves Fonseca ◽  
Luciana Keiko Hatamoto-Zervoudakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Ground Corn ◽  
Corn Particle Size

Abstract We hypothesized that a decrease in flint corn particle size in the supplements of young bulls during grazing promotes better use of starch in the total gastrointestinal tract, with less starch lost in the feces, thus increasing growth performance. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of supplements with different ground corn particle sizes on the growth performance, economic analysis, intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients for beef cattle in Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pastures during the rainy-dry transition season. Sixty-four Nelore bulls, with an average age of 16 months and 303.6 ± 18.0 kg of body weight (BW), were distributed in a completely randomized design. The treatments were WG = whole grain (geometric mean particle size, dgw, 6.262 µm); CG = coarse ground grain (dgw, 2.882 µm); MG = medium ground grain (dgw, 1.011 µm); and FG = fine ground grain (dgw, 0.621 µm). The supplements with ground grain or whole grain were similar (P > 0.05) in terms of intake and the digestibility of dry matter (DM), forage, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). However, the starch digestion in the total tract was higher (P < 0.05) with ground grain than with whole grain. The different geometric mean particle sizes of the grain in the supplements were not sufficient to alter (P > 0.05) the starch digestion in the total tract. The starch fecal concentration decreased with ground grain compared with that for whole grain (P < 0.05). However, no differences in growth performance were observed among the treatments (P > 0.05). Supplementation with CG promoted a slightly greater net revenue (+ 11.51%) and return per ha (+ 12.8%) compared with WG, while MG and FG yielded worse economic results. Therefore, CG showed higher economic performance and efficiency utilization of starch, suggesting it is a better strategy for providing supplements to young grazing bulls.

scholarly journals Fermentation of Whole Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) with Different Dry Matter Concentrations: Effect on the Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Energy, Crude Nutrients and Minerals in Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1199
Author(s):  
Reinhard Puntigam ◽  
Julia Slama ◽  
Daniel Brugger ◽  
Karin Leitner ◽  
Karl Schedle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

This study investigated the effects of sorghum ensiled as whole grains with different dry matter concentrations on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, crude nutrients and minerals in growing pigs. Whole grain sorghum batches with varying dry matter (DM) concentrations of 701 (S1), 738 (S2) and 809 g kg−1 (S3) due to different dates of harvest from the same arable plot, were stored in air-tight kegs (6 L) for 6 months to ensure complete fermentation. Subsequently, 9 crossbred barrows (34.6 ± 1.8 kg; (Duroc x Landrace) × Piétrain)) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square feeding experiment. Diets were based on the respective sorghum grain silage and were supplemented with additional amino acids, minerals and vitamins to meet or exceed published feeding recommendations for growing pigs. The ATTD of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen-free extracts, and crude ash were higher in S1 compared to S3 treatments (p ≤ 0.05), while S2 was intermediate. Pigs fed S1 showed significantly higher ATTD of phosphorus (P) compared to all other groups while ATTD of calcium was unaffected irrespective of the feeding regime. In conclusion, growing pigs used whole grain sorghum fermented with a DM concentration of 701 g kg−1 (S1) most efficiently. In particular, the addition of inorganic P could have been reduced by 0.39 g kg−1 DM when using this silage compared to the variant with the highest DM value (809 g kg−1).

scholarly journals Effectiveness of fused magnesium potassium phosphate for marandu grass

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1855-1862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdeci Orioli Júnior ◽  
Edson Luiz Mendes Coutinho
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Price ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Critical Levels ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Matter Production

The current high price of KCl and great dependence on importation to satisfy the Brazilian demand indicate the need for studies that evaluate the efficiency of other K sources, particularly those based on domestic raw material. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with samples of a sandy clay loam Typic Haplustox, in a completely randomized 4 x 3 x 2 factorial design: four K rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 mg kg-1), three sources (potassium chloride (KCl), fused magnesium potassium phosphate (FMPP) and a mixture of 70 % FMPP + 30 % KCl) and two particle sizes (100 and 60 mesh), with three replications. Potassium fertilization resulted in significant increases in shoot dry matter production and in K concentrations, both in soil and plants. The K source and particle size had no significant effect on the evaluated characteristics. Potassium critical levels in the soil and the shoots were 1.53 mmol c dm-3 and 19.1 g kg-1, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of Ground Corn Fractionation on Flowability

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 927-932
Author(s):  
Julie R Kalivoda ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
Charles R Stark
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Orifice Diameter ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Target Particle ◽  
Ground Corn

Abstract. Particle size reduction is an important component of feed manufacturing that impacts pellet quality, feed flowability, and animal performance. However, reducing particle size too fine often results in reduced flowability of the ground corn and finished feed, which creates potential handling and storage concerns at the feed mill and farm. The objective of this experiment was to determine how fractionation affected flowability of ground corn. Whole corn was received from a single source and ground to achieve 3 target particle sizes, 400, 500, and 600 µm with actual results of 469, 560, and 614 µm. Each target particle size was fractionated into three segments: fine (&lt; 282 µm), medium (&gt; 282 µm and &lt; 630 µm), and coarse (&gt; 630 µm) particles using a vibratory separator (model LS18SP3, SWECO, Florence, Ky.). Within particle size treatment, the percentage of sample obtained for each fraction was: 400 µm: 4.9%, 34.2%, and 60.9% for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively; 500 µm: 1.9%, 31.3%, and 66.9% for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively; and 600 µm: 1.0%, 24.4%, and 74.7% for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively. When the fractions were separated, their particle sizes were: 400 µm: 94, 269, and 744 µm for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively; 500 µm: 96, 253, and 815 µm for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively; and 600 µm: 99, 220, and 898 µm for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively. Fractionated samples were analyzed for multiple flowability characteristics, including: angle of repose, critical orifice diameter, composite flow index (CFI), bulk density, and compressibility. Treatments were arranged in a nested model with three replicates per treatment. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. When fraction was nested within particle size for each treatment, the fine fraction (&lt; 282 µm) of the 400 µm corn had the poorest CFI (P &lt; 0.05). Whereas the coarse fraction (&gt; 630 µm) of the 600 µm corn had the best CFI. The nutrient content of the fractions was greatest in the medium fraction (&gt; 282 µm and &lt; 630 µm) for crude protein, fat, and acid detergent fiber (ADF). In conclusion, reducing particle size resulted in the ground corn having poorer flowability characteristics, caused predominantly by particles that passed through a 282 µm screen. Based on this data, producers may potentially grind corn to a lower particle size while maintaining flowability if fine particles (&lt; 282 µm) are removed. Keywords: Corn, Flowability, Particle size analysis

scholarly journals Nutritional value, total dry matter losses, effluent production and pollutant potential in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás grass

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-683
Author(s):  
J.M. Saute ◽  
T.T. Tres ◽  
M.P. Osmari ◽  
S.L. Silva ◽  
J.L.P. Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Compaction Density

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to evaluate losses, production and polluting potential of the effluent, nutritional value and aerobic stability of silages of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás grass, in different particle sizes and compaction density in silage. Three theoretical particle sizes (TTP 5; 8 and 12mm) and three compaction densities (DC 550; 600 and 650kg/m3) were evaluated, distributed in a factorial design (3 x 3), with four repetitions. The highest volume of effluent was found in silages with higher compaction densities (600 and 650kg/m3) and lower TTP (5 and 8mm). The highest chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand were registered in the treatment with TTP of 5mm and higher DC (600 and 650kg/m3). Greater in vitro digestibility of DM was verified in the silage chopped at 5 and 8mm. There was no break in aerobic stability for 216 hours. Silage with a low compaction density 550kg/m3 and processing with a theoretical particle size of 12mm reduces effluent losses. In general, the nutritional value of Paiaguás grass was not influenced by the treatments. Different particle sizes and compaction density did not change the aerobic stability of silages.

scholarly journals Comparison between two methods for estimating the digestibility of starch and other nutrients in high moisture sorghum grain silage in horses

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1252-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusta Martins Romaniello Gollcher ◽  
José Augusto de Freitas Lima ◽  
Elias Tadeu Fialho ◽  
Paulo Borges Rodriges ◽  
Renato Ribeiro de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sorghum Grain

It was carried out two assays with the purpose of evaluating the mobile nylon bag technique and the method of total feces collection method in the estimative of the apparent digestibility of starch and other nutrients in high moisture sorghum grain silages in horses. Four adult horses of mixed origin at the age of 7 years and average body weight of 330 kg were used. In the first assay, the digestibility of the nutrients in the silage of high moisture sorghum grain with low level of tannin was evaluated by utilizing the total feces collection and the mobile nylon bag technique with silage samples ground in three particle sizes. In the second assay, the two methods were used for estimating the digestibility of the nutrients of the silage of high moisture sorghum grain with high level of tannin. A randomized block experimental design was used, considering each animal as a block. The disappearance of the nutrients, in the naylon bag, of the samples of the high moisture sorghum grain silages ground in three particle sizes of 1, 8 and 13 mm was also evaluated in laboratory. Daily dry matter intake was 2.0% of the body weight and test diets were made up of 30% of high moisture sorghum grain silages and 70% of coast-cross hay. The coefficients of dry matter digestibility, energy and protein of both silages were similar among the total feces collection method and the mobile nylon bag technique when 8-mm feed samples were used. The coefficient of starch digestibility was similar among the methods when sorghum samples were ground at 1 mm in the mobile nylon bag technique. Reduced particle size increased the nutrient losses of the nylon bags after washing in water. The mobile nylon bag technique allows to estimate the digestibility coefficient of nutrients, however, further studies for evaluation of particle size of the samples should be conducted.

scholarly journals Corn grain processing improves chemical composition and fermentative profile of rehydrated silage

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 42564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon Richard Hilário da Silva ◽  
Clóves Cabreira Jobim ◽  
Mikael Neumann ◽  
Milene Puntel Osmari
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Ground Corn ◽  
Corn Grain

This study evaluated the effects of the rehydration and ensiling of corn grain with two geometric mean diameters (GMD) of 0.55 and 1.83 mm obtained by the diameter of the sieved used on the fermentation characteristics and chemical composition of the silage. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and six replications, as follows: rehydrated fine-corn grain silage (RFS) and rehydrated coarse-corn grain silage (RCS). Ground corn was rehydrated with water to achieve moisture levels close to 350 g kg-1. There was no effect on the dry matter recovery, though the recovery rate was high, with values greater than 97% in both silages. The particle size influenced the fiber content, with lower values in the RFS. The acetic and lactic acid concentrations were higher in the RFS, but the pH of the silages did not change. Oxygen exposure changed the pH of silages to 4.25 and 4.38 for RFS and RCS, respectively. After opening the silos, the silages showed high aerobic stability after 90 hours, which resulted in lower deterioration and lesser loss of quality. The geometric mean diameter of corn grain affects the silage fermentative profile and nutritional value.  

scholarly journals Fertilization methods and substrate particle size differentially affect growth and macronutrient status of Laelia anceps subsp. anceps

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 12211
Author(s):  
Olga TEJEDA-SARTORIUS ◽  
Yolanda L. FERNÁNDEZ-PAVÍA ◽  
María G. PERALTA-SÁNCHEZ ◽  
Libia I. TREJO-TÉLLEZ
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Substrate Particle

The effects of three fertilization methods (FM) using the Peters Professional® 30N-10P-10K water soluble fertilizer were analyzed: fertilization in irrigation water (FIW), foliar fertilization (FF), and their combination (FIW + FF), as well as two substrate particle sizes (SuPS): larger particle size (LPS) and smaller particle size (SPS), on the growth and macronutrient status of Laelia anceps subsp. anceps (Orchidaceae). A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was established. Aerial and root growth, dry weight and concentration of macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in leaves, pseudobulbs, and roots were all evaluated. The interaction of the study factors resulted in a greater number of leaves, while by simple effects, greater leaf area, number of pseudobulbs, root volume, and dry matter of leaves and roots were obtained, when FIW and LPS were used. With FF, greater growth in root volume was observed. There were no differences in the concentration of N in the growth organs analyzed, but due to the interaction of factors, a higher concentration of P, K, Mg, and S was observed in roots, mainly with FIW + FF and SPS; although for P, there was a higher concentration in FIW and LPS. In the case of SPS, the concentrations of K and S were higher in leaves, and in pseudobulbs P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were higher. The results showed that there are positive effects on plant growth when FIW and LPS are used, while higher concentrations of nutrients in leaves, pseudobulbs and mainly in roots are observed when using SPS.

The effect of sieve agitators and dispersing agent on the method of determining and expressing fineness of feed materials by sieving

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stark ◽  
C. G. Chewning
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Geometric Standard Deviation ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Roller Mill ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Micron Diameter ◽  
Dispersing Agents ◽  
Ground Corn

Research in both swine and poultry continue to investigate the optimal particle size for growth and gut health. Although researchers have reported the methods used to determine the particle size of the grain in a study, most reports have not provided details of the actual procedure. Although the standard method suggested adding both agitators and dispersing agents to facilitate the flow of material through the sieves there has been limited research as to whether these modifiers significantly change the particle size value. Researchers, laboratories, and feed mills that analyse samples without sieve agitators or a dispersing agent could overestimate the particle size and underestimate the distribution of the particles of a sample. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of adding sieve agitators and dispersing agent to the ANSI/ASAE S319.3 FEB03 ‘Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of Feed Materials by Sieving’. The first experiment evaluated the effect of sieve agitator use and dispersing agent use on the geometric mean diameter (dgw) and geometric standard deviation (Sgw) of hammermill and roller mill corn samples. Whole corn was ground to produce samples that were classified as either coarse, medium, or fine. The second experiment evaluated the effect of sieve agitators, a dispersing agent, and the combination of agitators with a dispersing agent on dgw and Sgw of hammermill ground corn, wheat, and sorghum. The results of Expt 1 indicated that a decreased (P < 0.01) dgw resulted when agitators were added to the hammermill ground samples while a further decrease (P < 0.01) was observed due to the addition of the dispersing agent. The largest decrease in dgw was observed due to the addition of the dispersing agent. The addition of agitators to the roller mill samples only decreased the dgw of the medium grind sample. The dispersing agent decreased (P < 0.01) the dgw of roller mill samples. The addition of a dispersing agent consistently decreased the dgw of all the ground corn samples as compared with the standard method without modifiers. The results of Expt 2 were consistent with those of Expt 1 in that the addition of the dispersing agent and agitators decreased dgw values and appeared to have an additive effect in both corn and sorghum samples. The addition of a dispersing agent facilitated the flow of product through the sieves. The wider distribution (Sgw) indicated that a greater percentage of material flowed to the smaller sieves. The results of the experiments clearly showed the benefit of adding sieve agitators and a dispersing agent to facilitate the flow of material through the sieves, so that a better estimate of the micron diameter and particle size distribution could be achieved.

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