scholarly journals COMPARISON OF BONE PARAMETERS BY BODY REGION IN UNIVERSITY ATHLETES: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 627-636
Author(s):  
Mikael Seabra Moraes ◽  
Priscila Custódio Martins ◽  
Diego Augusto Santos Silva
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Osteogenic Potential ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Precision Error ◽  
Bone Parameters ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Total Body ◽  
University Athletes

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) vary depending on the type of sport practiced and the body region, and their measurement can be an effective way to predict health risks throughout an athlete’s life. Objective: To describe the methodological aspects (measurement of bone parameters, body regions, precision errors and covariates) and to compare BMD and BMC by body region (total body, upper limbs, lower limbs and trunk) among university athletes practicing different sports. Methods: A search was performed on the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, SportDiscus, LILACS and SciELO. Studies were selected that: (1) compared BMD and BMC of athletes practicing at least two different sports (2) used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to assess bone parameters (3) focused on university athletes. The extracted data were: place of study, participant selection, participants’ sex, sport practiced, type of study, bone parameters, DXA model, software used, scan and body regions, precision error, precision protocol, covariates and comparison of bone parameters between different sports by body region. Results: The main results were: 1) BMD is the most investigated bone parameter; 2) total body, lumbar spine and proximal femur (mainly femoral neck) are the most studied body regions; 3) although not recommended, the coefficient of variation is the main indicator of precision error; 4) total body mass and height are the most commonly used covariates; 5) swimmers and runners have lower BMD and BMC values; and 6) it is speculated that basketball players and gymnasts have greater osteogenic potential. Conclusions: Swimmers and runners should include weight-bearing exercises in their training routines. In addition to body mass and height, other covariates are important. The results of this review can help guide intervention strategies focused on preventing diseases and health problems during and after the athletic career. Level of evidence II; Systematic Review.

Total body bone mineral and lean body mass by dual-photon absorptiometry

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 361-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mazess ◽  
Walter W. Peppler ◽  
Charles H. Chesnut ◽  
Wil B. Nelp ◽  
Stanton H. Cohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Dual Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Body Bone Mineral ◽  
Body Bone

Changes in Bone Mineral Density Associated with Dietary-Induced Loss of Body Mass in Young Women

1994 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Ramsdale ◽  
E. J. Bassey
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Total Body

1. Moderately overweight, premenopausal women were assessed for bone mineral density of the total body, lumbar spine and proximal femur before and after 6 months of modest dietary restriction (minimum 4800 kJ/day). The aim was to evaluate the effect of loss of body mass on bone mineral density. 2. Dietary assessment included two analyses of 3 day weighed food intakes, one before and the other after 4 months of dietary restriction. Energy and calcium intakes were significantly reduced by 27% and 5%, respectively. The change in calcium intake was negatively and significantly related to initial levels of calcium intake. 3. A significant mean loss of 3.4 ± 3.1 kg in body mass was achieved mainly in the first 3 months of the study; it was accompanied by significant losses at 6 months in bone mineral density in the total body of 0.7% and in the lumbar spine of 0.5%. There were no changes in the femur. 4. The change in bone mineral density in the total body was significantly related to the reduced absolute calcium intake, initial bone mineral density and loss of body mass. The change in bone mineral density in the spine was significantly related to the change in calcium intake. 5. These modest losses could be a threat in women with lower bone mineral density, and indicate the importance of maintaining a high intake of calcium during dietary restriction.

scholarly journals “Sex” and body region effects on bone mineralization in male pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Bernau ◽  
Juliane Schrott ◽  
Sebastian Schwanitz ◽  
Lena Sophie Kreuzer ◽  
Armin Manfred Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Male Sex

Abstract. Lameness in pigs is one of the major reasons for culling and early losses in pigs. This can be linked to osteoporosis due to pathologic alterations in bone mineral density (BMD) or bone mineral content (BMC) and may also be linked to the sex. Dealing with the ban on piglet castration without anaesthesia in Germany 2021, we have three male “sex” types: entire boars (EB), immunocastrated boars (IB), and surgically castrated boars (SB). The hypothesis of the present study is that BMC or BMD varies between different male sex types. If sex has an effect on bone mineralization (BMC or BMD) and if this affects leg health, it could result in more lameness and problems during fattening in the negatively affected sex type. The present study evaluated bone mineralization (in terms of BMD and BMC) and body composition traits using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) three times during growth at 30, 50, and 90 kg live body weight. Nine body regions were analysed for bone mineral traits and compared for different male sex types and the fattening season. Significant differences were found regarding BMD (and BMC) among EB, IB, and SB for whole-body BMD (BMC). Additionally significant differences were found in the front and lower hind limbs, where SB showed a significantly higher BMD compared to EB, with IB in between. Additionally regional differences were detected among the groups. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of these differences in bone mineralization on leg health.

scholarly journals Association between Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12126
Author(s):  
Kai-Li Deng ◽  
Wan-Yu Yang ◽  
Jin-Li Hou ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Hao Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Total Body

Background: Bone mass acquisition during growth is a major determinant of the risk of developing osteoporosis later in life. Body composition is an anthropometric determinant of bone mineral density (BMD) and significantly influences its development during childhood and adolescence. Objective: This study aimed to systematically examine the association between body composition and bone mineral density in children and adolescents. Methods: Observational studies addressing this association were identified from PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Scopus and the Cochrane Library (up to January 2021). The study populations consisted of healthy children and adolescents. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute pooled estimates of effect size and the respective 95% confidence intervals for upper limbs, femoral neck (FN), lumbar spine (LS) and total body, respectively. Subgroup analyses were further performed based on age, sex and ethnicity. Results: Thirty-one published studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis, including three longitudinal studies. The combined population from all the studies amounted to 21,393 (11,205 males and 10,188 females). The pooled estimates of the correlation coefficients for lean mass (LM) and BMD ranged from 0.53 to 0.74 (p < 0.050), and the pooled regression coefficients ranged from 0.23 to 0.79 for FN, LS and total body (p < 0.050). For fat mass (FM), the pooled correlation coefficients ranged from 0.10 to 0.50 (p < 0.050) and the pooled regression coefficient was only significant for FN BMD with a weak strength (pooled β = 0.07, p < 0.050). The pooled regression coefficients for body fat percentage (BF%) were between −0.54 and −0.04 (p < 0.050). The subgroup analysis revealed a stronger association in Asians than in Caucasians for LM and in males compared to females for BF% (p < 0.050). Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis supports a positive association between LM and BMD. BF% appears to have a deleterious effect on bone acquisition in children and adolescents.

scholarly journals Physical Activity in Puberty Is Associated with Total Body and Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Characteristics in Males at 18 Years of Age

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reeli Tamme ◽  
Jaak Jürimäe ◽  
Evelin Mäestu ◽  
Liina Remmel ◽  
Priit Purge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Pubertal Stage ◽  
Mineral Characteristics ◽  
Total Body

Background and objectives: Studies indicate that genetic and lifestyle factors influence optimal bone development. Adaptations in bone mineral characteristics related to physical activity (PA) are most often observed in pre- and peri-puberty. Longitudinal associations between bone mineral accrual and objectively measured PA in puberty are poorly understood. The present study aims to investigate whether pubertal PA at different intensities is related to bone mineral characteristics in individuals at 18 years of age. Materials and Methods: Anthropometrics, pubertal stage, bone age and PA by accelerometer were measured in 88 boys at the mean age of 12.1 (T1), 13.1 (T2), 14.0 (T3) and 18.0 years (T4). Different bone mineral parameters were measured by dual-energy X-ray at T4. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of bone age, body mass and PA characteristics on measured bone mineral parameters at 18 years of age. Results: Total PA in puberty together with mean pubertal body mass predicted 35.5% of total body (TB) bone mineral density (BMD), 43.0% of TB less head (LH) bone mineral content (BMC) and 48.1% of BMC/height in individuals at 18 years of age. Vigorous PA and body mass in puberty predicted 43.2% of femoral neck (FN) BMD; bone age at T1, vigorous PA and body mass in puberty predicted 47.3% of FN BMC at 18 years of age. No associations between pubertal PA levels and lumbar spine bone mineral characteristics in individuals at 18 years of age were found. Conclusions: Physical activity in puberty has a significant impact on bone mineral characteristics in individuals at 18 years of age, with total PA being a significant predictor of TB BMD and TB LH BMC as well as BMC/height, whereas vigorous PA is a significant predictor of FN BMD and FN BMC.

Total body bone mineral and lean body mass by dual-photon absorptiometry

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Mazess ◽  
W. W. Peppler ◽  
J. E. Harrison ◽  
K. G. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Dual Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Body Bone Mineral ◽  
Body Bone

scholarly journals Abnormal bone mineral density and content in girls with early-onset anorexia nervosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Clarke ◽  
Hugo Peyre ◽  
Marianne Alison ◽  
Anne Bargiacchi ◽  
Coline Stordeur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Body Bone Mineral ◽  
Body Bone

Abstract Background Early-onset anorexia nervosa (EO-AN) represents a significant clinical burden to paediatric and mental health services. The impact of EO-AN on bone mineral abnormalities has not been thoroughly investigated due to inadequate control for pubertal status. In this study, we investigated bone mineral abnormalities in girls with EO-AN regardless of pubertal development stage. Method We conducted a cross-sectional study of 67 girls with EO-AN (median age = 12.4 [10.9–13.7 years]) after a median duration of disease of 1.3 [0.6–2.0] years, and 67 healthy age-, sex-, pubertal status- matched control subjects. We compared relevant bone mineral parameters between groups: the total body bone mineral density [TB-BMD], the lumbar spine BMD [LS-BMD], the total body bone mineral content [TB-BMC] and the ratio of the TB-BMC to lean body mass [TB-BMC/LBM]. Results TB-BMD, TB-BMC, LS-BMD and TB-BMC/LBM were all significantly lower in patients with AN compared to controls. In the EO-AN group, older age, later pubertal stages and higher lean body mass were associated with higher TB-BMC, TB-BMD, and LS-BMD values. Discussion Girls with EO-AN displayed deficits in bone mineral content and density after adjustment for pubertal maturation. Age, higher pubertal stage and lean body mass were identified as determinants of bone maturation in the clinical population of patients with EO-AN. Bone health should be promoted in patients, specifically in those with an onset of disorder before 14 years old and with a delayed puberty.

Bone Mineral and Muscle Strength Characteristics in Children with Turner Syndrome

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Dent ◽  
Cameron J.R. Blimkie ◽  
Colin E. Webber ◽  
Angus B. McMillan ◽  
Rhona M. Hanning
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Turner Syndrome ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Dual Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Voluntary Strength

Absolute total body (TB) and regional spine (RS) bone mineral content (BMC) measured by dual photon absorptiometry were lower (p < .05) in Turner syndrome (TS) girls compared to a cohort of younger (by 2 years) but taller and heavier prepubertal girls. Maximal voluntary strength (MVC) of the elbow flexors, knee extensors, and plantar flexors were also consistently and, in most cases, significantly lower in TS girls. Differences between groups in absolute bone mineral and muscle strength disappeared, however, when normalized for skeletal cross-sectional area (areal density) and for the product of muscle cross-sectional area and estimated moment arm, respectively. Maximal voluntary strength and body mass correlated moderately strongly with the bone mineral measures, but only body mass contributed significantly to the variance in total body and regional spine bone mineral measures. Bone mineral and muscle strength appear appropriate for body size and for skeletal and muscle morphology in young TS girls.

scholarly journals Total, bioavailable and free 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels as functional indicators for bone parameters in healthy children

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258585
Author(s):  
You Joung Heo ◽  
Yun Jeong Lee ◽  
Kyunghoon Lee ◽  
Jae Hyun Kim ◽  
Choong Ho Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Bone Parameters ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Total Body

Objectives Vitamin D is essential for bone health. Not only total but also free 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) may contribute to bone mass. We sought to determine which vitamin D measure best reflected clinical and bone parameters in healthy children. Methods A cross-sectional study including 146 healthy children (71 boys, 9.5 ± 1.9 years) conducted at a tertiary medical center. We used a multiplex liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based assay to simultaneously measure vitamin D metabolites. The bioavailable and free 25OHD (25OHDBioA and 25OHDFree) levels were calculated using the genotype-specific or genotype-constant affinity coefficients of vitamin D-binding proteins (yielding spe-25OHDBioA, spe-25OHDFree and con-25OHDBioA, con-25OHDFree respectively). The 25OHDFree level was directly measured (m-25OHDFree). Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results The total 25OHD (25OHDTotal), the two forms of 25OHDBioA, the three forms of 25OHDFree, and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels correlated with parathyroid hormone level (all p < 0.01). Serum 25OHDTotal and m-25OHDFree levels were influenced by age, pubertal status, season, body mass index (BMI), daylight hours, and vitamin D intake (all p < 0.05). The con-25OHDBioA and con-25OHDFree levels better reflected pubertal status and daylight hours than did the spe-25OHDBioA and spe-25OHDFree levels (both p < 0.01). The association between the 25OHDTotal level and bone parameters varied according to the BMI (interaction p < 0.05). In 109 normal-weight children, the con-25OHDBioA and con-25OHDFree levels correlated with total body BMC and BMD (both p < 0.05), whereas the 25OHDTotal and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels were associated with total body BMC (both p < 0.05). No such association was found in overweight or obese children. Conclusions In healthy children, total, bioavailable, and free 25OHD levels comparably reflected lifestyle factors. In normal-weight children, the con-25OHDBioA and con-25OHDFree, but not m-25OHDFree levels, reflected bone mass, as did the 25OHDTotal level.

scholarly journals The Aging Muscle in Experimental Bed Rest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Giorgio Di Girolamo ◽  
Nicola Fiotti ◽  
Zoran Milanović ◽  
Roberta Situlin ◽  
Filippo Mearelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Total Lean Body Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
And Function

Background: Maintaining skeletal muscle mass and function in aging is crucial for preserving the quality of life and health. An experimental bed rest (BR) protocol is a suitable model to explore muscle decline on aging during inactivity.Objective: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was, therefore, to carry out an up-to-date evaluation of bed rest, with a specific focus on the magnitude of effects on muscle mass, strength, power, and functional capacity changes as well as the mechanisms, molecules, and pathways involved in muscle decay.Design: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis study.Data sources: We used PubMed, Medline; Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane library, all of which were searched prior to April 23, 2020. A manual search was performed to cover bed rest experimental protocols using the following key terms, either singly or in combination: “Elderly Bed rest,” “Older Bed rest,” “Old Bed rest,” “Aging Bed rest,” “Aging Bed rest,” “Bed-rest,” and “Bedrest”. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: The inclusion criteria were divided into four sections: type of study, participants, interventions, and outcome measures. The primary outcome measures were: body mass index, fat mass, fat-free mass, leg lean mass, cross-sectional area, knee extension power, cytokine pattern, IGF signaling biomarkers, FOXO signaling biomarkers, mitochondrial modulation biomarkers, and muscle protein kinetics biomarkers.Results: A total of 25 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, while 17 of them were included in the meta-analysis. In total, 118 healthy elderly volunteers underwent 5-, 7-, 10-, or 14-days of BR and provided a brief sketch on the possible mechanisms involved. In the very early phase of BR, important changes occurred in the skeletal muscle, with significant loss of performance associated with a lesser grade reduction of the total body and muscle mass. Meta-analysis of the effect of bed rest on total body mass was determined to be small but statistically significant (ES = −0.45, 95% CI: −0.72 to −0.19, P &lt; 0.001). Moderate, statistically significant effects were observed for total lean body mass (ES = −0.67, 95% CI: −0.95 to −0.40, P &lt; 0.001) after bed rest intervention. Overall, total lean body mass was decreased by 1.5 kg, while there was no relationship between bed rest duration and outcomes (Z = 0.423, p = 672). The meta-analyzed effect showed that bed rest produced large, statistically significant, effects (ES = −1.06, 95% CI: −1.37 to −0.75, P &lt; 0.001) in terms of the knee extension power. Knee extension power was decreased by 14.65 N/s. In contrast, to other measures, meta-regression showed a significant relationship between bed rest duration and knee extension power (Z = 4.219, p &lt; 0.001). Moderate, statistically significant, effects were observed after bed rest intervention for leg muscle mass in both old (ES = −0.68, 95% CI: −0.96 to −0.40, P &lt; 0.001) and young (ES = −0.51, 95% CI: −0.80 to −0.22, P &lt; 0.001) adults. However, the magnitude of change was higher in older (MD = −0.86 kg) compared to younger (MD = −0.24 kg) adults.Conclusion: Experimental BR is a suitable model to explore the detrimental effects of inactivity in young adults, old adults, and hospitalized people. Changes in muscle mass and function are the two most investigated variables, and they allow for a consistent trend in the BR-induced changes. Mechanisms underlying the greater loss of muscle mass and function in aging, following inactivity, need to be thoroughly investigated.

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