scholarly journals Use of Belowground Growing Degree Days to Predict Rooting of Dormant Hardwood Cuttings of Populus

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Zalesny ◽  
E. O. Bauer ◽  
D. E. Riemenschneider
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Abstract Planting Populus cuttings based on calendar days neglects soil temperature extremes and does not promote rooting based on specific genotypes. Our objectives were to: 1) test the biological efficacy of a thermal index based on belowground growing degree days (GDD) across the growing period, 2) test for interactions between belowground GDD and clones, and 3) identify beneficial planting windows based on combinations of genotypes and belowground GDD. We tested two clones of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh (D133, D134) and four hybrid clones of P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii A. Henry (DM101, DM105, NC14105, NC14107). Cuttings, 20 cm long, were planted in randomized complete blocks at 15- × 15-cm spacing across three planting dates during 1999 at Alexandria, Minnesota, USA (45.9°N, 95.4°W) and Fertile, Minnesota, USA (47.3°N, 96.2°W). Temperatures at 20 cm belowground were converted to GDD with a base temperature of 10°C. We measured root, top, and total dry weight, along with number of roots after 14 d of growth. Relatively warmer and cooler soil temperatures promoted rooting for the cottonwoods and hybrids, respectively. We recommend planting after reaching a threshold of 163 belowground GDD for P. deltoides clones and planting before reaching a threshold of 173 belowground GDD for P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii clones.

scholarly journals Soil Temperature and Precipitation Affect the Rooting Ability of Dormant Hardwood Cuttings of Populus

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Zalesny ◽  
R. B. Hall ◽  
E. O. Bauer ◽  
D. E. Riemenschneider
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Rooting Ability ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract In addition to genetic control, responses to environmental stimuli affect the success of rooting. Our objectives were to: 1) assess the variation in rooting ability among 21 Populus clones grown under varying soil temperatures and amounts of precipitation and 2) identify combinations of soil temperature and precipitation that promote rooting. The clones belonged to five genomic groups ([P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gray x P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh] x P. deltoides ‘BC’; P. deltoides ‘D’; P. deltoides x P. maximowiczii A. Henry ‘DM’; P. deltoides x P. nigra L. ‘DN’; P. nigra x P. maximowiczii ‘NM’). Cuttings, 20 cm long, were planted in Iowa and Minnesota, USA, in randomized complete blocks at 1.2- x 2.4-m spacing across three planting dates during 2001 and 2002. Soil temperatures were converted to belowground growing degree days (GDD) (base temperature = 10°C) accumulated over 14 days. Genomic groups responded similarly for root dry weight, number of roots, total root length, and mean root length, that increased as belowground GDD increased. Belowground GDD and precipitation governed rooting throughout the 14-d growing period. A minimum of four days above 14°C, along with sufficiently dispersed precipitation (e.g. no more than 3 d without a precipitation event), were needed to sustain aboveaverage rooting. Therefore, we recommend using a base temperature of 14°C for future models estimating belowground GDD in northern temperate zones.

scholarly journals Spatial Soil Temperature and Moisture Monitoring Across the Transylvanian Plain in Romania

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrix HAGGARD ◽  
Teodor RUSU ◽  
David WEINDORF ◽  
Horea CACOVEAN ◽  
Paula MORARU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Spline Interpolation ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Important Region ◽  
Soil Temperatures

The Transylvanian Plain, Romania is an important region for agronomic productivity. However, limited soils data and adoption of best management practices hinder land productivity. Soil temperatures of the Transylvanian Plain were evaluated using a set of twenty datalogging stations positioned throughout the plain. Soil temperatures were monitored at the surface and at 10, 30, and 50 cm depths, and soil moisture was monitored at 10 cm. Preliminary results indicate that most soils of the Transylvanian Plain will have a mesic temperature regime. However, differences in seasonal warming and cooling trends across the plain were noted. These have important implications for planting recommendations. Growing degree days (GDDs) are preferred over maturity ratings, because they can account for temperature anomalies. The crop being considered for this study was corn. The base temperature (BT) was set at 10oC, and the upper threshold was 30oC. Two methods were used to calculate GDDs; 1) minimum and maximum daily temperatures, and 2) 24 h of averaged temperature data. Growing degree days were run from 110-199 day of year (DOY) to represent approximate planting date to tasseling. The DOY that 694 accumulated growing degree days (AGDDs) was reached at each site was then analyzed to identify differences across the TP. Three sites failed to reach 694 AGDDs by DOY 199, and were excluded from comparisons to other results. Averaged values were used to create spline interpolation maps with ArcMap 9.2 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA). The southeastern portion of the TP was found to tassel a month earlier assuming a planting date of 109 DOY. Four DeKalb® corn hybrids were then selected based on GDDs to tasseling, drydown, drought tolerance, and insect resistance. With a better understanding of the GDD trends across the TP, more effective planting and harvesting could be accomplished by Romanian farmers to maximize agronomic production.

scholarly journals Improving the Prediction of Processing Pea Maturity Based on the Growing-degree Day Approach

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaétan Bourgeois ◽  
Sylvie Jenni ◽  
Hélène Laurence ◽  
Nicolas Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Current Model ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Unit System

The heat-unit system, involving the sum of daily mean temperatures above a given base temperature, is used with processing pea (Pisum sativum L.) to predict relative maturity during the growing season and to schedule planting dates based on average temperature data. The Quebec pea processing industry uses a base temperature of 5 °C to compute growing-degree days (GDD) between sowing and maturity. This study was initiated to verify if the current model, which uses a base temperature of 5 °C, can be improved to predict maturity in Quebec. Four pea cultivars, `Bolero', `Rally', `Flair', and `Kriter', were grown between 1985 and 1997 on an experimental farm in Quebec. For all cultivars, when using a limited number of years, a base temperature between 0.0 and 0.8 °C reduced the coefficient of variation (cv) as compared with 5.0 °C, indicating that the base temperature used commercially is probably not the most appropriate for Quebec climatic conditions. The division of the developmental period into different stages (sowing until emergence, emergence until flowering, and flowering until maturity) was also investigated for some years. Use of base temperatures specific for each crop phase did not improve the prediction of maturity when compared with the use of an overall base temperature. All years for a given cultivar were then used to determine the base temperature with the lowest cv for predicting the time from sowing to maturity. A base temperature from 0 to 5 °C was generally adequate for all cultivars, and a common base temperature of 3.0 °C was selected for all cultivars. For the years and cultivars used in this study, the computation of GDD with a base temperature of 3 °C gave an overall prediction of maturity of 2.0, 2.4, 2.2, and 2.5 days based on the average of the absolute values of the differences for the cultivars Bolero, Rally, Flair, and Kriter, respectively.

scholarly journals Influence of Various Polyethylene Mulch Colors on Growth and Development of `Vates' Collards

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 600D-600
Author(s):  
J.M Kemble ◽  
J. Brown ◽  
E. Simonne
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch ◽  
Final Harvest

The effect of various mulch colors (black, yellow, red, blue, white, and aluminum) on growth and development of `Vates' collards was evaluated in Fall 1996 at the E.V. Smith Research Center in Shorter, Ala. Black polyethylene mulch was installed onto raised, fumigated beds, then sprayed with a 1: 2 (v/v) mixture of exterior oil-based enamel paint to paint thinner with one of the five mulch colors listed. Five-week-old plants were transplanted into beds. Beginning two weeks after transplanting and continuing every other week thereafter, heads were harvested to determine head fresh weight and dry weight. Hourly soil temperatures at 10 cm soil depth were recorded and growing degree days (GDDs) with a base temperature of 4.4 °C were calculated. At two weeks after transplanting, average head fresh and dry weight were highest for the aluminum-colored treatment with head fresh (24.7 and 12.3 g, respectively) and dry weights (2.7 and 1.3 g, respectively) twice that of the yellow treatment (P ≤ 0.05). By four weeks after transplanting and up through the final harvest, marketable yield and average head fresh weights did not differ among the treatments (17,900 kg/ha, 1.4 kg per head, respectively). The red and black mulch treatments accumulated more GDDs than the other treatments, but total marketable yields did not differ among any treatments.

scholarly journals A Heat Unit Model to Predict Growth and Development of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus Naud.) to Anthesis

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 790D-790
Author(s):  
S. Jenni ◽  
D.C. Cloutier ◽  
G. Bourgeois ◽  
K.A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Heat Unit ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Unit Model ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Unit Formula

Plant dry weight of muskmelon transplants to anthesis could be predicted from a multiple linear regression based on air and soil temperatures prevailing under 11 mulch and rowcover combinations. The two dependent variables of the regression model consisted of a heat unit formula for air temperatures with a base temperature of 14C and a maximum-reduced threshold at 40C, and a standard growing-degree-day formula for soil temperatures with a base temperature of 12C. Based on 2 years of data, 86.5% of the variation in the dry weight (on a log scale) could be predicted with this model. The base temperature for predicting time to anthesis of muskmelon transplants was established at 6.8C and the thermal time ranged between 335 and 391 degree-days during the 2 years of the experiment.

Early rooting of dormant hardwood cuttings of Populus: analysis of quantitative genetics and genotype × environment interactions

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 918-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S Zalesny, Jr. ◽  
Don E Riemenschneider ◽  
Richard B Hall
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Quantitative Genetics ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Selection Of

Rooting of hardwood cuttings is under strong genetic control, although genotype × environment interactions affect selection of promising genotypes. Our objectives were (1) to assess the variation in rooting ability among 21 Populus clones and (2) to examine genotype × environment interactions to refine clonal recommendations. The clones belonged to five genomic groups ((Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray × Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) × P. deltoides 'BC'; P. deltoides 'D'; P. deltoides × Populus maximowiczii A. Henry 'DM'; P. deltoides × Populus nigra L. 'DN'; and P. nigra × P. maximowiczii 'NM'). Cuttings, 20 cm long, were planted in Iowa and Minnesota in randomized complete blocks at 1.2 m × 2.4 m spacing, across three planting dates during 2001 and 2002. We measured nine belowground and aboveground traits from harvested cuttings after 14 days of growth. Percent rooting ranged from 22% to 86%. Broad-sense heritability for root and top dry mass ranged from 0.09 to 0.11 and 0.31 to 0.38, respectively. There were genotype × environment interactions for most traits, with belowground growing degree-days accounting for >54% of environmental variation. Clonal rooting was stable, except at Westport, Minnesota, during 2002, when root growth was relatively poor.

scholarly journals Phenology, reproductive biology and growing degree days of the grapevine ‘Isabel’ (Vitis labrusca, Vitaceae) cultivated in northeastern Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. S. Nunes ◽  
A. V. Leite ◽  
C. C. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Vitis Labrusca ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Inflorescence Development

Abstract Phenology and reproductive biology of cultivated species are important for the comprehension of the requirements for fruit and seed production and the management of pollinators. This study aimed to characterise the phenology, reproductive biology and growing degree days of the grapevine ‘Isabel’ (Vitis labrusca) in northeastern Brazil during January 2011 (P1), Augst 2011 (P2), April 2012 (P3) and August 2012 (P4). We recorded the duration (days) of the phenological stages, pruning (P), woolly bud (W), budburst (B), inflorescence development (ID), flowering (F), ripening (R) and harvest (H). We analysed the floral biology, the sexual system and the breeding system. We measured the growing degree days (GDD) required to reach the subperiods P-B, B-F and F-H. The periods P1, P2, P3 and P4 lasted for 116, 125, 117 and 130 days, respectively. The number of days of harvest were similar in the same dry (P1 and P3) and rainy (P2 and P4) periods. All the periods that we recorded were shorter than those observed in other regions of Brazil, which may be attributable to the mean temperature and carbohydrate metabolism. The flowers are green, hermaphroditic, with an odour of mignonette, low pollen viability and autogamous. The base temperature of 10°C was considered the most adequate for the subperiods as has been documented for other grape varieties in Brazil. Thus, temperature was also the most adequate for the cycles, presenting a smaller standard deviation (0.119, 0.147, 0.156 and 0.153 to P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively) when compared to a base temperature of 12°C (0.122, 0.158, 0.165 and 0.160 to P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively). The higher and the lower observed GDD were 1972.17 and 1870.05, respectively, both above the values recorded in other parts of Brazil for same variety. The phonological results, including knowledge of growing degree days, are important to the planning of cultures at the study site and in other regions that have similar climatic conditions and make it possible to pre-determine the harvest.

Growth and Development of Bigroot Morningglory (Ipomoea pandurata)

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Horak ◽  
Loyd M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratio ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Final Harvest

Growth and development of bigroot morningglory was observed and quantified. Emergence occurred 75 ± 5 growing degree days (GDD) after seeding. Flower and seed production began 630 ± 20 GDD after emergence and continued until the first frost killed the shoots. Seedlings needed approximately 460 GDD of growth to become perennial. In the second year of growth, plants emerged in early May and flowered within 425 ± 50 GDD. Shoot dry weight accumulation in first-year plants was 3.5 g for the first 600 GDD after which a fifteenfold increase in dry weight occurred. Root growth followed the same pattern, however the large increase in dry weight occurred approximately 300 GDD later than that of the shoots. The root:shoot ratio was 0.2 to 0.3 for the first 900 GDD and increased to greater than 1.0 by the final harvest.

Growth dynamics in Sphaerium rhomboideum (Bivalvia: Pisidiidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 868-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Mackie ◽  
L. A. Flippance
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Dormant Period ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Curvilinear Relationships

Analyses of growth in shell dimensions and weight of Sphaerium rhomboideum from two permanent ponds showed that width has a positive allometric relationship with length and height of the shell. This results in an increase in interior shell volume that is significantly correlated with the increase in space required by developing larvae. The ovoviviparous habit of S. rhomboideum also explains most of the curvilinear relationships between clam length and total dry weight and between clam calcium content and length and weight of adults. An iteroparous reproductive strategy is shown to be dependent upon both a positive allometric relationship between larval and parent shell lengths and birth of the cohort during or immediately before an active growing period. If birth of the cohort occurs immediately before a dormant period, semelparity will occur no matter what type of allometric relationship is obtained between larval and adult shell lengths.

PREDICTION OF SOIL TEMPERATURE FROM AIR TEMPERATURE FOR ESTIMATING CORN EMERGENCE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. DWYER ◽  
H. N. HAYHOE ◽  
J. L. B. CULLEY
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Response ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Zone Temperature

The soil thermal environment is critical to corn (Zea mays L.) emergence in short-season production areas. A field study was therefore carried out during the emergence period to test a method to predict 0.05-m soil temperatures from air temperatures and to develop a method to quantify emergence rates as a function of actual and predicted soil thermal units. Thermal units (base 10 °C) were calculated from hourly air and measured and predicted 0.05-m soil temperatures; these thermal units were fit to test emergence data collected on six cultivars. The nonlinear response of percentage emergence to thermal units was approximated by an exponential function. Comparisons of cultivar emergence rates, expressed as the number of thermal units to 0 and 75% emergence, statistically differentiated (P ≤ 0.05) the test cultivars into three main groupings. When predicted soil temperatures were used to calculate the number of thermal units, the thermal units to specific emergence levels were within the equivalent of 1 or 2 d of those generated using measured soil temperatures.Key words: Growing degree days, regression, thermal regimes, seed zone temperature, corn emergence

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