scholarly journals The effect of slash and burn agriculture on plant nutrients in the Tertiary Region of Central Amazonia ()

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. F. Brinkmann ◽  
J. C. do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Standing Crop ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Plant Nutrients ◽  
Nutrient Return ◽  
Hydromorphic Soils ◽  
Slash And Burn ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARY The slash and burn method was studied with respect to changes on the chemical composition in the top-soil layer (upper 20 cm) of yellow latosols (about 85% of the total area) and hydromorphic soils (about 1% of the total area) before and after fire was set on the cleared forest. The obtained analytical data prove the following result : 1) the soil fertility of latosols and hydromorphic soils is considerably low as far as natural conditions are concerned, 2) after burning a considerable amount of plant nutrients normally bound to the standing crop is lost in the form of volatiles and particles during the burning procedures, 3) a great amount of plant nutrients is rapidly released to the soil after burning, 4) great quantities of temporarily available nutrients are lost by leaching as the nutrient uptake capacity of the crops is not able to match the excess of available plant nutrients, 5) strong nutrient fixation will reduce the availability of present plant nutrients remarkably, 6) the nutrient return from standing crop bound nutrients by means of fire is not able to guarentee long-term tropical agriculture, 7) correction of soil pH by means of heavy liming and the application of fertilizers is a basic need in tropical landuse systems, 8) the treatment with herbicides, insecticides and fungicides is indispensable to reduce root competion and plant deseases and 9) favourable conditions as far as the impact of atmospheric agents on the crops is concerned has to be set up by means of crop specific shelter-wood systems.

scholarly journals Weekly water-loss from Spherical Water-loss Integrators on a Clearing and below Secondary Growth in Central Amazonia ()

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. F. Brinkmann
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Tropical Agriculture ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Central Amazonia ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: Spherical ceramic bulbs were set up as weekly water-loss integrators on a clearing and below a 2 year-old Cecropia-commumty at Km 18 of the Manaus-Itacoatiara Road. The instruments worked well in distinguishing the particular responses of individual sites to the impact of atmospheric agents as solar radiation, air temperature, air humidity and wind. Water-loss was primarily dependent on the order of magnitude of the weekly total of solar radiation and the presence or lack of a standing crop. Already a scarce secondary growth will reduce the weekly amount of water lost to the atmosphere considerably. Shelter-wood, however, considering the crop specific demands if introduced to tropical agriculture would provide favourable conditions as far as the impact of atmospheric controls on the tropical environment are concerned.

scholarly journals P047 Evaluating the impact of pre-prepared neonatal intubation premedication kits on a level 3 neonatal unit (Project NIK)

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. e2.52-e2
Author(s):  
Suzannah Hibberd ◽  
Alok Sharma ◽  
Marhamat Chavoshzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Electronic Prescribing ◽  
Drug Preparation ◽  
Prescribing Errors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Perceived Impact ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundIn January 2018, neonatal intubation premedication kits containing atropine, suxamethonium and fentanyl were introduced alongside the implementation of dose- banding for these medicines according to patient’s weight and regardless of the patient’s gestation. A prescribing bundle on the electronic prescribing system was also created to automatically populate the doses based on the patient’s weight. Seven kits are produced each week by the Pharmacy Technical Services Unit.AimTo assess the staff perceived impact of pre-prepared intubation drug kits with associated dose-banding of the medication.MethodsThree months after the kits were implemented, a survey was sent to all nursing and medical staff to establish their thoughts on the intubation process before and after the introduction of pre-made intubation drug kits.Results78 staff responded, 45.5% were doctors and 54.5% were nursing staff. The response rate was 53.8%. 78% of respondents reported being part of a difficult intubation over the last 5 years. The main problems identified, prior to the implementation of the neonatal intubation drug kits, included the intubation process (51.5%), preparation and communication prior to intubation, (13.6%), time drawing up intubation drugs (10.6%) and the patient having a difficult airway (9%). 87.2% found the premade intubation kits very useful, none of the respondents thought the kits were not useful. Four themes were found irrespective of whether the respondent was a doctor or member of nursing staff. The themes were: they made the process easier; quicker; reduced risk of error and helped provide better patient care. When asked if any complications had arisen, 4% reported that they had run out of kits and 2.7% said there was confusion when signing the kits out of the controlled drug (CD) register.Three weeks out of 25 saw all the kits being used, average usage is 4 intubation kits per week. 97.4% reported the doses used were effective in sedating and paralysing the baby prior to intubation, 2.6% commented that they were somewhat effective but that in one occasion the paralysis had not been optimal, however they questioned whether the cannula had been functioning properly.ConclusionThe implementation of ready to use intubation drug kits has made the process of preparing for an intubation easier and quicker for all involved in the process. Having the dose banding set up on the electronic prescribing system has reduced the chance of prescribing errors and the pre- filled kits have reduced the chances of calculation errors during drug preparation. When the kits run out there are instructions in the guideline detailing how to make the required concentrations. As a result of this study standardised teaching videos were introduced from the beginning of July 18. Further simulations have been completed to ensure that all staff follow a standardised process. Next steps are to ensure that the documentation in the CD register includes all necessary information without any need for amendments. To overcome this, a stamp is being designed to use in the book each time a patient requires a kit, thereby providing a prompt for the nurses.

scholarly journals Sustainable Land Management, Adaptive Silviculture, and New Forest Challenges: Evidence from a Latitudinal Gradient in Italy

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Fabbio ◽  
Paolo Cantiani ◽  
Fabrizio Ferretti ◽  
Umberto di Salvatore ◽  
Giada Bertini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standing Crop ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Crown Thinning ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Impact

Aimed at reducing structural homogeneity and symmetrical competition in even-aged forest stands and enhancing stand structure diversity, the present study contributes to the design and implementation of adaptive silvicultural practices with two objectives: (1) preserving high wood production rates under changing environmental conditions and (2) ensuring key ecological services including carbon sequestration and forest health and vitality over extended stand life-spans. Based on a quantitative analysis of selected stand structure indicators, the experimental design was aimed at comparing customary practices of thinning from below over the full standing crop and innovative practices of crown thinning or selective thinning releasing a pre-fixed number of best phenotypes and removing direct crown competitors. Experimental trials were established at four beech forests along a latitudinal gradient in Italy: Cansiglio, Veneto; Vallombrosa, Tuscany; Chiarano, Abruzzo; and Marchesale, Calabria). Empirical results indicate a higher harvesting rate is associated with innovative practices compared with traditional thinning. A multivariate discriminant analysis outlined significant differences in post-treatment stand structure, highlighting the differential role of structural and functional variables across the study sites. These findings clarify the impact of former forest structure in shaping post-treatment stand attributes. Monitoring standing crop variables before and after thinning provides a basic understanding to verify intensity and direction of the applied manipulation, the progress toward the economic and ecological goals, as well as possible failures or need for adjustments within a comprehensive strategy of adaptive forest management.

scholarly journals Impaired Attentional Processing During Parabolic Flight

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anika Friedl-Werner ◽  
Marie-Laure Machado ◽  
Costantino Balestra ◽  
Yannick Liegard ◽  
Bruno Philoxene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Spatial Updating ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Continuous Performance Task ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

Previous studies suggest that altered gravity levels during parabolic flight maneuvers affect spatial updating. Little is known about the impact of the experimental setting and psychological stressors associated with parabolic flight experiments on attentional processes. To address this gap, we investigated the level of alertness, selective and sustained attention in 1 and 0 g using a Go/No-Go Continuous Performance Task. We also identified several parameters associated with the experimental set-up of a parabolic flight that could be expected to affect attentional processing. These included the use of scopolamine, sleep quality prior to the flight day, participant’s stress level as well as mood and anxiety state before and after the parabolic flight. We observed a deterioration in attentional processing prior to the first parabola that was further aggravated in weightlessness and returned to baseline after the last parabola. Reaction Time, Hit and False Alarm Rate were moderately correlated with self-reported anxiety state, but not cortisol levels or emotional states. The use of scopolamine had minor effects on Reaction Time. Our results confirm previous studies reporting impairments of cognitive performance in 0 g, and highlight important aspects that should be considered for the design of behavioral research experiments in future parabolic flight campaigns.

scholarly journals Evaluating the impact of flood irrigation on spatial variabilities of soil salinity and groundwater quality in an arid irrigated region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nengzhan Zheng ◽  
Mengshen Guo ◽  
Weifeng Yue ◽  
Yanguo Teng ◽  
Yuanzheng Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Shallow Soil ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Soil salinization is a key problem limiting the sustainable development of agriculture in arid areas. To explore the quantitative influence of irrigation on soil salinity and groundwater quality, spatial variability of salt at different soil depths and total dissolved solids in groundwater before and after irrigation was analysed in the Hetao Irrigation District, China. The spatial variability of soil salinity before and after irrigation was moderate, with high coefficients of variation observed in shallow soil. After irrigation, amounts of salt were transferred into the groundwater, leading to the deterioration of groundwater quality, the average salt flux through each interface was −153.66, 169.12, 130.13 and 318.48 g/m2, for 20, 50, 100 and 150 cm soil depths, respectively. All salt moved downward vertically except for 0–20 cm soil layer, and the average soil salt flux of shallow layers was significantly lower than that of deep layers. Compared soils of different depths and land types, salt discharge occurred in cultivated land, while salt accumulation occurred in shallow soil in wasteland after irrigation. Irrigation could help remove salt from cultivated land and deeper soil; however, it had almost no effect on shallow soil of other land uses.

Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 330-333
Author(s):  
T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽  
M.J. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Biological Materials ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

Strategic Role of Zakat in Multidimensional Quality of Life in Sijunjung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Herlin Hamimi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Hasbi Zaenal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Being There ◽  
The Impact

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam which has a function of faith, social and economic functions. Muslims who can pay zakat are required to give at least 2.5 per cent of their wealth. The problem of poverty prevalent in disadvantaged regions because of the difficulty of access to information and communication led to a gap that is so high in wealth and resources. The instrument of zakat provides a paradigm in the achievement of equitable wealth distribution and healthy circulation. Zakat potentially offers a better life and improves the quality of human being. There is a human quality improvement not only in economic terms but also in spiritual terms such as improving religiousity. This study aims to examine the role of zakat to alleviate humanitarian issues in disadvantaged regions such as Sijunjung, one of zakat beneficiaries and impoverished areas in Indonesia. The researcher attempted a Cibest method to capture the impact of zakat beneficiaries before and after becoming a member of Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program in material and spiritual value. The overall analysis shows that zakat has a positive impact on disadvantaged regions development and enhance the quality of life of the community. There is an improvement in the average of mustahik household incomes after becoming a member of ZCD Program. Cibest model demonstrates that material, spiritual, and absolute poverty index decreased by 10, 5, and 6 per cent. Meanwhile, the welfare index is increased by 21 per cent. These findings have significant implications for developing the quality of life in disadvantaged regions in Sijunjung. Therefore, zakat is one of the instruments to change the status of disadvantaged areas to be equivalent to other areas.

ANALISIS PENGARUH PEMBANGUNAN JALAN LAYANG JANTI TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN TATA RUANG KAWASAN JANTI STUDI KASUS : KAWASAN JANTI, DESA CATURTUNGGAL, KABUPATEN SLEMAN, D. I. YOGYAKARTA

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Jeky El Boru
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
The Road ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Linkage Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Parking Place

Abstract: This research aims to analyze the impact of Janti Flyover Construction toward the growth of layout at Janti Urban Area, including structured space, open space, and linkage. Method used for data collecting are observation, air photograph monitoring, and interview, whereas the analysis method is qualitative description, which is the superimposed method of two layers, that are the layout condition before and after flyover construction. The result shows that the impact of Janti Flyover construction can be seen on building mass (solid), the increasing number of open spaces, including the road network, parking place, and park, whereas the relation between spaces, visually and structurally, can be seen on the growth of buildings which have new shapes and styles, therefore the performance of the overall building does not have a proportional shape. Considering Janti Street at the collective relation, its role is getting stronger as the main frame road network.Keywords: Flyover construction, layout changing, Janti AreaAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pembangunan Jalan Layang Janti terhadap perkembangan tata ruang Kawasan Janti, meliputi ruang terbangun, ruang terbuka, serta hubungan antar ruang (“linkage”). Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, pengamatan foto udara, dan wawancara; sedangkan metode analisis melalui deskripsi secara kualitatif yang berupa “superimposed method” dari dua lapisan kondisi lahan, yakni kondisi tata ruang sebelum dan sesudah pembangunan jalan layang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh pembangunan Jalan Layang Janti terdapat pada massa bangunan (“solid”), pertambahan ruang terbuka yang berupa jaringan jalan, parkir, dan taman; sedangkan pada hubungan antar ruang ̶ secara visual dan struktural ̶ yakni tumbuhnya bangunan dengan bentuk dan gaya baru, sehingga bentuk tampilan bangunan secara keseluruhan tidak proporsional. Pada hubungan kolektif, Jalan Janti semakin kuat perannya sebagai kerangka utama jaringan jalan.Kata kunci : Pembangunan jalan layang, tata ruang, Kawasan Janti

Impact of merger on efficiency and productivity : a case study of commercial banks in Malaysia

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Mahadzir Ismail ◽  
Saliza Sulaiman ◽  
Hasni Abdul Rahim ◽  
Nordiana Nordin
Keyword(s):  
Efficiency Score ◽  
Malmquist Productivity Index ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Domestic Banks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Efficiency And Productivity

The Financial Master Plan (2001- 2010) aims to enhance the capacity of banking industry so that higher effic iency and productivity can be reaped in the future. This study seeks to determine the impact of merger on the efficiency and productivity ofcommercial banks in Malaysia for the period 1995 until 2005. The study uses a non-parametric approach, nam ely DEA (data envelopment analysis?) to estimate the efficiency scores and to construct the Malmquist productivity index. To enable this estimation, three bank inputs and outputs are used. Amongst the findings are those banks exhibit higher efficiency score after the merger and thefo reign banks are more efficient than the local banks. Productivity of the banks is calculated in both periods, before and after the merger: The results show that, it is the local banks that have improved the most after the merger. The main source of productivity is technical change or innovation. The findings support the existing policy of having larger domestic banks in term of size.

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