scholarly journals Phytogeographic support tor the theory of Pleistocene forest refuges in the Amazon Basin, based on evidence from distribution patterns in Caryocaraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Dichapetalaceae and Lecythidaceae

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghillean T. Prance
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Genetic Isolation ◽  
Lowland Forest ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Refuge Areas

Abstract In recent years it has generally been accepted that Amazonia was subject to long dry periods in the late Pleistocene and post-Pleistocene which induced forest cover to a few limited areas or refuges. It has been proposed that the subsequent genetic isolation into separate populations is a mnjor factor in the evolution of the species diversity within the lowland forest of Amazonia. Most of the previous evidence for this theory is based on studies of animals, for example: lizards, butterflies, and birds. Here data are presented to confirm the theory of forest refuges using evidence from phytogeography. Distribution patterns of the lowland species of the woody plant families Caryocaraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Dichapetalaceae and Lecythidaceae are discussed and concur with the possibility of forest refuges. A map is given of the refuge areas that seem most likely, based on evidence from species distribution of the above plant families. The refuges proposed here correspond closely with the refuge areas proposed by Haffer and Brown rather than the extremely reduced areas proposed by Vanzolini.

Species diversity, distribution patterns, and substrate specificity of Strobilurus

Mycologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao Qin ◽  
Egon Horak ◽  
Flavius Popa ◽  
Karl-Heinz Rexer ◽  
Gerhard Kost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Distribution Patterns

Study on Global Burned Forest Areas Based on Landsat Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 503-508
Author(s):  
Zhaoming Zhang ◽  
Tengfei Long ◽  
Guojin He ◽  
Mingyue Wei ◽  
Chao Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Burned Forest

Forests are an extremely valuable natural resource for human development. Satellite remote sensing technology has been widely used in global and regional forest monitoring and management. Accurate data on forest degradation and disturbances due to forest fire is important to understand forest ecosystem health and forest cover conditions. For a long time, satellite-based global burned area products were only available at coarse native spatial resolution, which was difficult for detecting small and highly fragmented fires. In order to analyze global burned forest areas at finer spatial resolution, in this study a novel, multi-year 30 meter resolution global burned forest area product was generated and released based on Landsat time series data. Statistics indicate that in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018 the total area of burned forest land in the world was 94.14 million hm2, 96.65 million hm2, 59.52 million hm2, 76.42 million hm2, and 83.70 million hm2, respectively, with an average value of 82.09 million hm2. Spatial distribution patterns of global burned forest areas were investigated across different continents and climatic domains. It was found that burned forest areas were mainly distributed in Africa and Oceania, which accounted for approximately 73.85% and 6.81% of the globe, respectively. By climatic domain, the largest burned forest areas occurred in the tropics, with proportions between 88.44% and 95.05% of the world's total during the study period. Multi-year dynamic analysis shows the global burned forest areas varied considerably due to global climate anomalies, e.g., the La Niña phenomenon.

scholarly journals The role of forest conversion, degradation, and disturbance in the carbon dynamics of Amazon indigenous territories and protected areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 3015-3025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne S. Walker ◽  
Seth R. Gorelik ◽  
Alessandro Baccini ◽  
Jose Luis Aragon-Osejo ◽  
Carmen Josse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Carbon Dynamics ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Carbon Density ◽  
Aboveground Carbon ◽  
Indigenous Territories

Maintaining the abundance of carbon stored aboveground in Amazon forests is central to any comprehensive climate stabilization strategy. Growing evidence points to indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) as buffers against large-scale carbon emissions across a nine-nation network of indigenous territories (ITs) and protected natural areas (PNAs). Previous studies have demonstrated a link between indigenous land management and avoided deforestation, yet few have accounted for forest degradation and natural disturbances—processes that occur without forest clearing but are increasingly important drivers of biomass loss. Here we provide a comprehensive accounting of aboveground carbon dynamics inside and outside Amazon protected lands. Using published data on changes in aboveground carbon density and forest cover, we track gains and losses in carbon density from forest conversion and degradation/disturbance. We find that ITs and PNAs stored more than one-half (58%; 41,991 MtC) of the region’s carbon in 2016 but were responsible for just 10% (−130 MtC) of the net change (−1,290 MtC). Nevertheless, nearly one-half billion tons of carbon were lost from both ITs and PNAs (−434 MtC and −423 MtC, respectively), with degradation/disturbance accounting for >75% of the losses in 7 countries. With deforestation increasing, and degradation/disturbance a neglected but significant source of region-wide emissions (47%), our results suggest that sustained support for IPLC stewardship of Amazon forests is critical. IPLCs provide a global environmental service that merits increased political protection and financial support, particularly if Amazon Basin countries are to achieve their commitments under the Paris Climate Agreement.

scholarly journals Species Diversity and Distribution Patterns of the Ants of Amazonian Ecuador

PLoS ONE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. e13146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari T. Ryder Wilkie ◽  
Amy L. Mertl ◽  
James F. A. Traniello
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Amazonian Ecuador

Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio De la Riva ◽  
Juan C Chaparro ◽  
Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher ◽  
José M Padial
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Taxonomic Research

AbstractDespite recent efforts to accelerate exploration and species description, the diversity of high Andean frogs remains highly underestimated. We report high levels of species diversity in direct-developing frogs or terraranas inhabiting the wet puna and adjacent cloud forests of the Amazonian versant of the Andes in Bolivia and Peru. Descriptive evidence of external morphology, distribution patterns and molecular phylogenetic analyses support the existence of nine unnamed species in two clades, which represents a 30% increase in species diversity for those clades. The relationships of these species and their relatives in Holoadeninae are tested using nuclear and mitochondrial genes for 159 terminals representing the 11 genera in this subfamily and 25 species of previously unknown relationships. Our results corroborate species monophyly in all but three cases and support the monophyly of all Holoadeninae genera, albeit the position of some differs between analyses. We propose a new genus (Microkayla gen. nov.) for the clade containing all Bolivian species formerly in Psychrophrynella plus five species from southern Peru. The new genus is monophyletic and supported by anatomical synapomorphies. Psychrophrynella is re-diagnosed and redefined to include three species from the Andes of southern Peru. We discuss the taxonomic instability associated with Noblella and Psychrophrynella due to the fact that the type species of both genera share a number of traits that support a close relationship. We also name and describe three new species of Bryophryne and two of Microkayla from Peru, provide baseline data for the future description of four Bolivian species of Microkayla, and describe the unknown mating calls of two species. Our results support that the grasslands of the Amazonian versant of the Andes harbour a large diversity of species with small altitudinal and horizontal distributions that replace each other along a latitudinal axis. These species belong to different lineages whose closest relatives are forest species, often from distant parts of the continent. These patterns suggest that high Andean environments were colonized several times independently by species with forest ancestors and which radiated into a multitude of species with remarkably similar ecomorphologies. The extent of these radiations remains obscured by a still rudimentary knowledge of species diversity due to insufficient fieldwork and taxonomic research.

scholarly journals Extensive cryptic species diversity and fine-scale endemism in the marine red alga Portieria in the Philippines

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1753) ◽  
pp. 20122660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dioli Ann Payo ◽  
Frederik Leliaert ◽  
Heroen Verbruggen ◽  
Sofie D'hondt ◽  
Hilconida P. Calumpong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Red Alga ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Species Ranges ◽  
Portieria Hornemannii

We investigated species diversity and distribution patterns of the marine red alga Portieria in the Philippine archipelago. Species boundaries were tested based on mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear encoded loci, using a general mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) model-based approach and a Bayesian multilocus species delimitation method. The outcome of the GMYC analysis of the mitochondrial encoded cox 2-3 dataset was highly congruent with the multilocus analysis. In stark contrast with the current morphology-based assumption that the genus includes a single, widely distributed species in the Indo-West Pacific ( Portieria hornemannii ), DNA-based species delimitation resulted in the recognition of 21 species within the Philippines. Species distributions were found to be highly structured with most species restricted to island groups within the archipelago. These extremely narrow species ranges and high levels of intra-archipelagic endemism contrast with the wide-held belief that marine organisms generally have large geographical ranges and that endemism is at most restricted to the archipelagic level. Our results indicate that speciation in the marine environment may occur at spatial scales smaller than 100 km, comparable with some terrestrial systems. Our finding of fine-scale endemism has important consequences for marine conservation and management.

scholarly journals Conservation status of birds on Mindoro, Philippines

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy C. L. Dutson ◽  
Tom D. Evans ◽  
Thomas M. Brooks ◽  
Desiderio C. Asane ◽  
Robert J. Timmins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Concerted Action ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Lowland Forest ◽  
Risk Of Extinction ◽  
Forest Remnants ◽  
The Status

SummaryFour weeks of fieldwork in the forests of Mindoro, Philippines, in 1991 has elucidated the status of the six bird species endemic to the island. Of these, Ducula mindorensis and Otus mindorensis are high-altitude species with restricted ranges and in need of active conservation in the medium term. Three of the four lowland species, Gallicolumba platenae, Centropus steerü and Penelopides mindorensis are under immediate threat of extinction through forest clearance and fragmentation, while the fourth, Dicaeum retrocinctum, s i not under immediate threat but is certainly at risk of extinction in the long term. Whilst deforestation is an enormous problem across the entire Philippines, Mindoro is the smallest centre of endemism with the least forest cover after the Sulu Islands. Extinctions are believed inevitable within the next 10 years unless concerted action is urgently taken. The Halcon range must receive attention in order to conserve the montane species, but more urgent by far is the preservation of lowland forest remnants, concentrating on central-west Mindoro.

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