scholarly journals Completeness of rapid assessments of medium and large mammal diversity in the northwestern Amazon in Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-233
Author(s):  
Darwin M. MORALES-MARTÍNEZ ◽  
Natalia ATUESTA-DIMIAN ◽  
Daniela MARTÍNEZ-MEDINA ◽  
Diego R. GUTIÉRREZ-SANABRIA ◽  
Miguel E. RODRÍGUEZ-POSADA
Keyword(s):  
Information Source ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Habitat Transformation ◽  
Common Information ◽  
Core Species ◽  
Colombian Amazon ◽  
Abundance Variation ◽  
Mammal Diversity

ABSTRACT Rapid assessments are the most common information source on biodiversity in the northwestern Amazon in Colombia due to limited resources and logistic constraints. These assessments are essential for decision-making on environmental policies in this region, that has been strongly impacted by the transformation of its natural ecosystems. Several local camera-trapping rapid assessments of medium and large-sized mammals (MLM) have been conducted in the Colombian Amazon, but they are difficult to compare. We analyzed information of 16 of these rapid assessments of MLM to provide the first list of MLM in the northwestern Amazon in Colombia. We also evaluated the accuracy of four estimators (ICE, Chao-2, Jackknife-1, and Jackknife-2), and the minimum sampling effort for the estimation of MLM richness in local surveys in the region. We report 26 species of MLM for the Colombian Amazon (between five and 13 species per locality), which is an underestimation of MLM richness in the region. The best estimator of MLM richness was the Jackknife-1, due to its precision and the lower influence of singletons. We recommend a minimum sampling effort of 350 camera trap-days. Although rapid assessments do not allow a robust estimation of MLM richness, they record the most common species (or core species) per locality and their abundance variation. The evaluation of the effect of habitat transformation on MLM and the estimation of population parameters of rare species require more intensive studies.

scholarly journals Amphibians found in the Amazonian Savanna of the Rio Curiaú Environmental Protection Area in Amapá, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janaina Reis Ferreira Lima ◽  
Jucivaldo Dias Lima ◽  
Soraia Dias Lima ◽  
Raullyan Borja Lima Silva ◽  
Gilda Vasconcellos de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Temporary Ponds ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Environmental Protection Area ◽  
Protection Area ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Few Data

Abstract Amphibian research has grown steadily in recent years in the Amazon region, especially in the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, and Amapá, and neighboring areas of the Guiana Shield. Even so, few data are available for the Amazonian savannas of Brazil. To contribute to the understanding of the diversity of the amphibians of these savannas, we surveyed 15 temporary ponds, six located in open areas, seven on the edge of savanna forest, and two within the forest, in the savanna of the Rio Curiaú Environmental Protection Area (EPA) in Macapá, in the state of Amapá, northern Brazil. Sampling occurred from May 2013 to August 2014 during periods when the ponds contained water. Amphibians were sampled through visual and auditory surveys conducted during both the day- and the nighttime periods on seven days each month over a total of 84 days. A total of 1574 individuals belonging to four families, 12 genera, and 28 species were recorded during the surveys. The cumulative species curve reached the asymptote, indicating that sampling effort was adequate. The number of species was 25% higher than that reported in other studies in Amazonian savannas. Twelve species were recorded for the first time in the savanna of Amapá. Lysapsus boliviana was the most common species (n = 332 of the individuals recorded). The greatest amphibian species richness found in the Rio Curiaú EPA was associated with the savanna mosaic, forest patches, lowland swamp, and temporary ponds. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the diversity of amphibian species in the Guianan area of endemism in northern Brazil, and also the Amazonian savannas.

scholarly journals Geo-spatial modelling with unbalanced data: modelling the spatial pattern of human activity during the Stone Age

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Jasiewicz ◽  
Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Common Information

AbstractWith the increasing availability of data, geoscience provides many methods to model the spatial extent of various phenomena.Acquiring representative, high quality data is the most important criterion to assess the value of any spatial analysis, however, there are many situations in which these criteria cannot be fulfilled. Archived data, collected in the past, for which analysis cannot be repeated or supplemented is a very common information source. Archaeological data collected at a regional extent during years of field work and superficial observations are an additional example. Such data rarely provide representative samples and are usually imbalanced; only very few examples contain useful data, while many examples remain without any archaeological traces. In spite of these limitations archaeological information presented in the form of maps can be a useful and helpful tool to analyse the spatial patterns of some phenomena and, from a more practical point of view, a tool to predict the location of undiscovered occurrences. The primary goal of this paper is to present a methodology for modelling spatial patterns based on imbalanced categorical data which do not fulfil the criteria of spatial representation and incorporates uncertainty in its decision process. This concept will be discussed using a collection of Stone Age sites and set of environmental variables from the postglacial lowlands in Western Poland. We will propose a machine-learning system which adopts CART through bootstrap simulation to incorporate uncertainty into the spatial model and utilise that uncertainty in the decision-making process. Finally, we will describe the relationships between the model and environmental variables and present our results in cartographic form using the principles of decision-tree cartography.

scholarly journals Sampling effort and information quality provided by rare and common species in estimating assemblage structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 105937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano F. Sgarbi ◽  
Luis M. Bini ◽  
Jani Heino ◽  
Jenny Jyrkänkallio-Mikkola ◽  
Victor L. Landeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Quality ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Assemblage Structure ◽  
Sampling Effort

A Systems Approach to Communication Behavior Among Scientists, Foresters, and NIPF Landowners

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara B. Baldwin ◽  
Jacqueline L. Haymond
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Communication Behavior ◽  
Common Information ◽  
Mail Surveys ◽  
Nipf Landowners

Abstract The communication behavior of scientists, foresters, and landowners in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia was studied using mail surveys in the fall of 1989. Scientists' most common information sources were other scientists, meetings, and journals; their information output was primarily directed toward scientists. Nearly all foresters studied had contacts with NIPF landowners; their most common information sources were other foresters, agency pamphlets, and meetings. Their information output consisted primarily of interpersonal communication. Over one-third of the NIPF landowners contacted received no forest management information; their most common information source was other landowners. The findings highlight technology transfer limitations. Information is progressively restricted as it moves from source to link to user, and interaction between the three groups is limited. South. J. App. For. 18(4): 175-180.

scholarly journals Nutritional adaptations of native plants of the cerrado biome in acid soils

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mundayatan Haridasan
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Cerrado Biome

Soils of the cerrado biome, mostly oxisols and deep sandy entisols, are acid, dystrophic and poor in available nutrients. These soils are not very different from soils that occur in the Amazon region. However, the open savanna physiognomies of cerrado with lower biomass of their different components are deficient in nutrients at the ecosystem level, unlike the Amazon forests which retain high nutrient reserves in their live biomass. Field crops are susceptible to aluminum and manganese toxicities, besides nutrient deficiencies, in cerrado soils and do not grow well in the absence of liming and fertilization. However, concepts of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities, well established for cultivated plants, should not be extended to native species in natural ecosystems, indiscriminately. Many native plants in the cerrado biome are resistant or tolerant to soil conditions deemed unfavorable for cultivated plants but their geographic distribution, frequency in native communities, growth and productivity are determined by water and nutrient availability and other edaphic conditions. Species growing on acid soils are aluminum tolerant or resistant, since their capacity to absorb essential nutrients, growth and reproduction is not affected by high aluminum levels in the soil. Many common species of the cerrado, instead of excluding aluminum, absorb and transport it to leaves and accumulate it in different tissues including leaves and seeds whereas others do not survive in the absence of exchangeable aluminum, even though no specific role of Al in plant metabolism is yet established.

Intestinal helminths of lesser scaup ducks: an interactive community

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert O. Bush ◽  
John C. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Helminth Community ◽  
Linear Distribution ◽  
Secondary Species ◽  
Core Species ◽  
Lesser Scaup ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Satellite Species

This paper examines patterns in the linear distribution of helminths in the small intestine of each of 45 scaup. Over all birds, most common species of helminths were found in over half of the small intestine; their distributions overlapped broadly. In individual birds, each species occupied a more restricted, predictable part of the intestine; "core species" (those present in more than two-thirds of the birds) were more evenly distributed along the intestine than expected by chance and occupied almost all of it; "secondary species" (those in one- to two-thirds of the birds) were clumped in anterior and posterior portions of the intestine; and "satellite species" (those in less than one-third of the birds) were randomly distributed. For all common helminths, the range occupied in individual birds was significantly correlated with population size; however, overlap between adjacent species did not increase with increases in their total numbers. The intestinal helminths of scaup belonged to three guilds: small absorbers (paramucosal), large absorbers (mid-lumenal), and trematodes. The interactions noted above occurred both within and between guilds. The overall helminth community in scaup appeared to be saturated with species belonging to the two absorber guilds, but not with trematodes. Communities within individual scaup sampled this overall community and were often unsaturated. We conclude that the core and secondary species of absorbers provide a basic, interactive structure to the overall community and to most of the communities in individual birds. Trematodes and satellite absorber species provide stochastic elaborations.

Sampling effort and common species: Optimizing surveys of understorey fruit-feeding butterflies in the Central Amazon

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márlon B. Graça ◽  
Jorge L.P. Souza ◽  
Elizabeth Franklin ◽  
José W. Morais ◽  
Pedro A.C.L. Pequeno
Keyword(s):  
Common Species ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Central Amazon

scholarly journals Optimal soil carbon sampling designs to achieve cost-effectiveness: a case study in blue carbon ecosystems

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 20180416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A. Young ◽  
Peter I. Macreadie ◽  
Clare Duncan ◽  
Paul E. Carnell ◽  
Emily Nicholson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Blue Carbon ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stocks

Researchers are increasingly studying carbon (C) storage by natural ecosystems for climate mitigation, including coastal ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems. Unfortunately, little guidance on how to achieve robust, cost-effective estimates of blue C stocks to inform inventories exists. We use existing data (492 cores) to develop recommendations on the sampling effort required to achieve robust estimates of blue C. Using a broad-scale, spatially explicit dataset from Victoria, Australia, we applied multiple spatial methods to provide guidelines for reducing variability in estimates of soil C stocks over large areas. With a separate dataset collected across Australia, we evaluated how many samples are needed to capture variability within soil cores and the best methods for extrapolating C to 1 m soil depth. We found that 40 core samples are optimal for capturing C variance across 1000's of kilometres but higher density sampling is required across finer scales (100–200 km). Accounting for environmental variation can further decrease required sampling. The within core analyses showed that nine samples within a core capture the majority of the variability and log-linear equations can accurately extrapolate C. These recommendations can help develop standardized methods for sampling programmes to quantify soil C stocks at national scales.

Effects of sampling effort, assemblage similarity, and habitat heterogeneity on estimates of species richness and relative abundance of stream fishes

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse R. Fischer ◽  
Craig P. Paukert
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Total Abundance ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Stream Fish Assemblages ◽  
Stream Segment

We estimated the sampling effort required to accurately estimate species richness and to detect changes in catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) in four Great Plains, USA, streams. The number of sampled reaches (i.e., <1 km) required to estimate stream-segment (i.e., 20–28 km) species richness decreased with increased sampled reach length (i.e., 10, 20, 40, or 60 mean stream widths, MSW), whereas total sampling effort decreased with a greater number of shorter sampled reaches. Collecting all species in a stream segment required all sampled reaches (i.e., 10) of a length equal to 40 or 60 MSW. The number of stream reaches sampled with lengths equal to 40 MSW required to detect a 50% change in CPUE of common species (i.e., total abundance > 1% of total catch) with β = 0.80 ranged from 7 to 630 (mean = 99) and decreased with longer sampled reaches. A greater number of sampled reaches were needed to detect 90% of species richness and 25% changes in CPUE when Jaccard’s similarity of samples of stream fish assemblages and habitat heterogeneity was lower within streams. Our results suggest that homogeneous stream segments require more sampled reaches to characterize fish assemblages and monitor trends in fish abundance.

Enhancing Label Readability for Over-the-Counter Pharmaceuticals by Elderly Consumers

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Wogalter ◽  
David A. Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Information Source ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Common Information ◽  
Otc Drugs ◽  
Elderly Consumers ◽  
Willingness To Purchase ◽  
The One

The most common information source for over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals is the container label. Most OTC labels contain so much text that the print must be substantially reduced in size to fit the available surface area. As a consequence, people with vision problems, such as the elderly, have difficulty reading the print. Some OTC drugs are being marketed in containers with easy-open caps to facilitate access (but at the same time, reduce child resistance). The increased surface area afforded by the cap design could be used to enhance the labeling. An experiment compared elders' (mean age of 75) evaluations to different label variants. Experimental bottles contained additional labeling attached to the cap that reiterated and extended some of the most important warnings and instructions. The additional labeling of the experimental bottles had print that was larger than the existing back label, and among them, differed in background color. These bottles were compared to two control conditions (one with the original store-bought label and one with the back and side labels removed). Participants ranked the containers on six dimensions (e.g., noticeability of the label, willingness to read the label, willingness to purchase the product). Results showed that the participants preferred the bottles with the additional cap labeling and most preferred the one with the distinctive fluorescent green color. Implications of these results are discussed.

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