scholarly journals Laboratorial diagnosis of fragile-X syndrome: experience in a sample of individuals with pervasive developmental disorders

2005 ◽  
Vol 63 (3a) ◽  
pp. 564-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Steiner ◽  
Marilisa Mantovani Guerreiro ◽  
Antonia Paula Marques-de-Faria ◽  
Iscia Lopes-Cendes

Fragile X syndrome is a frequent genetic disease associated to developmental disorders, including learning disability, mental retardation, behavioral problems and pervasive developmental disorders (autism and related conditions). We studied a sample of 82 individuals (69 males and 13 females) presenting with pervasive developmental disorders using three techniques for the diagnosis of fragile X syndrome (FXS). Cytogenetic analysis detected the fragile site in four males, but only one showed a consistent positive rate. Molecular study based on the PCR technique was inconclusive for most females (92.3%), which where latter submitted to Southern blotting analysis, and for one male (1.4%), excluding the FRAXA mutation in the remaining male individuals (98.6%). Molecular tests using the Southern blotting technique confirmed only one positive case (1.2%) in a male subject. These results showed that Southern blotting analysis of the FRAXA mutation has the best sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of FXS but also validated the PCR technique as a confinable screening test.

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-C. Tzeng ◽  
L.-P. Tsai ◽  
Y.-K. Chang ◽  
Y.-J. Hung ◽  
Y.-Y. Chang ◽  
...  

1996 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-388
Author(s):  
M Milewski ◽  
M Zygulska ◽  
J Bal ◽  
W H Deelen ◽  
E Obersztyn ◽  
...  

The unstable DNA sequence in the FMR1 gene was analyzed in 85 individuals from Polish families with fragile X syndrome in order to characterize mutations responsible for the disease in Poland. In all affected individuals classified on the basis of clinical features and expression of the fragile site at X(q27.3) a large expansion of the unstable sequence (full mutation) was detected. About 5% (2 of 43) of individuals with full mutation did not express the fragile site. Among normal alleles, ranging in size from 20 to 41 CGG repeats, allele with 29 repeats was the most frequent (37%). Transmission of premutated and fully mutated alleles to the offspring was always associated with size increase. No change in repeat number was found when normal alleles were transmitted.


Author(s):  
Ann M. Mastergeorge ◽  
Jacky Au

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability known, and it is the most common single gene disorder associated with autism (Belmonte and Bourgeron 2006; Reddy 2005). It is caused by the lack or deficiency of the FMR1 protein, FMRP (Loesch et al. 2004b). The typical physical features of FXS include prominent ears, hyperextensible finger joints, flat feet, soft skin, and in adolescence and adulthood large testicles (macroorchidism) and a long face (Hagerman 2002b). The behavioral features include poor eye contact, hyperarousal to stimuli, anxiety, hyperactivity, attention deficit, impulsivity, hand stereotypies (such as hand biting and hand flapping), and social deficits including autism and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (Budimirovic et al. 2006; Clifford et al. 2007; Hall et al. 2008b; Hatton et al. 2006b; Sullivan et al. 2007b). Fragile-X syndrome was first reported by Lubs (1969) in two brothers who had intellectual disability and the appearance of a marker X chromosome, which is a fragile site on their X chromosome. It was later detected that this fragile site on the X chromosome only occurred when the chromosomes were studied in a folate-deficient tissue culture media (Sutherland 1977). Therefore cytogenetic studies were utilized to document cases of FXS throughout the 1980s until the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 gene (FMR1) was discovered in 1991 (Verkerk et al. 1991). The FMR1 gene was found to have a trinucleotide (CGG) repeat sequence at the 5’ untranslated region, with the normal range later determined to be up to 44 repeats, a gray zone of 45–54 repeats, a premutation of 55–200 repeats, and a full mutation range of more than 200 repeats (Maddalena et al. 2001). Those individuals with the full mutation have a deficit or absence of the FMR1 protein (FMRP) that causes the physical, behavioral, and cognitive features of FXS (Loesch et al. 2004b). Females with the full mutation have another X chromosome that is producing FMRP, depending on the activation ratio (AR) or the percentage of cells that have the normal X chromosome as the active X chromosome.


Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2240
Author(s):  
Marwa Zafarullah ◽  
Mittal Jasoliya ◽  
Flora Tassone

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental condition associated with intellectual disability and behavioral problems due to the lack of the Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and memory. A desirable in vitro cell model to study FXS would be one that can be generated by simple isolation and culture method from a collection of a non-invasive donor specimen. Currently, the various donor-specific cells can be isolated mainly from peripheral blood and skin biopsy. However, they are somewhat invasive methods for establishing cell lines from the primary subject material. In this study, we characterized a cost-effective and straightforward method to derive epithelial cell lines from urine samples collected from participants with FXS and healthy controls (TD). The urine-derived cells expressed epithelial cell surface markers via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). We observed inter, and the intra-tissue CGG mosaicism in the PBMCs and the urine-derived cells from participants with FXS potentially related to the observed variations in the phenotypic and clinical presentation FXS. We characterized these urine-derived epithelial cells for FMR1 mRNA and FMRP expression and observed some expression in the lines derived from full mutation mosaic participants. Further, FMRP expression was localized in the cytoplasm of the urine-derived epithelial cells of healthy controls. Deficient FMRP expression was also observed in mosaic males, while, as expected, no expression was observed in cells derived from participants with a hypermethylated full mutation.


2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1164-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maude Bernardet ◽  
Wim E. Crusio

Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder appearing before the age of 3, where communication and social interactions are impaired. It also entails stereotypic behavior or restricted interests. Although this disorder was first described in 1943, little is still known about its etiology and that of related developmental disorders. Work with human patients has provided many data on neuropathological and cognitive symptoms, but our understanding of the functional defects at the cellular level and how they come about remains sketchy. To improve this situation, autism research is in need of valid animal models. However, despite a strong hereditary component, attempts to identify genes have generally failed, suggesting that many different genes are involved. As a high proportion of patients suffering from the Fragile X Syndrome show many autistic symptoms, a mouse model of this disorder could potentially also serve as a model for autism. TheFmr1KO mouse is a valid model of the Fragile X Syndrome and many data on behavioral and sensory-motor characteristics of this model have been gathered. We present here an assessment of autistic features in this candidate model. We conclude thatFmr1KO mice display several autistic-like features, but more work is needed to validate this model.


QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Hassan ◽  
M Hegazi ◽  
H Ghandour ◽  
G Abdelrazek ◽  
D Elrefaie

Abstract Background Specific language impairment (SLI) occurs when children present language maturation, at least 12 months behind their chronological age in the absence of sensory or intellectual deficits, pervasive developmental disorders, evident cerebral damage, and adequate social and emotional conditions. Internalizing behavior is actions that are taken out toward the self. The symptoms of internalizing behavior problems are depression, anxiety, somatic complaints and withdrawal. Aim of the Work This study aimed to investigate the presence of internalizing behavioral problems among SLI and their frequencies if present. Patients and methods We assessed SLI by PLS-4 and assessed internalizing behavioral problems with CBCL 1 1/5-5. Fifty children with SLI with an age range of (4-5 years old), divided into 2 subgroups according to the type of SLI, are compared to fifty children with normal language development with the same age and gender regarding internalizing behavioral problems. Results SLI group had more internalizing behavioral problems than control group and there is significant association between behavioral problems and the severity of language deficits. Conclusion the most frequently behavioral problem found in preschool (SLI) children were withdrawn and anxiety, which need therapeutic interventions to remediate them.


1984 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Soudek ◽  
M. W. Partington ◽  
J. S. Lawson ◽  
John M. Opitz

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Maribel Forero Castro ◽  
Edwin Javier Vergara Estupiñán ◽  
Jefer Iván Moreno Granados

Después del síndrome de Down, el síndrome de X frágil es la causa más frecuente de retardo mental. Su distribución geográfica es universal y afecta a diferentes grupos raciales. Esta anomalía genética presenta un patrón de herencia ligado a X, dominante, con penetrancia incompleta y anticipación, por lo que revela una segregación no-mendeliana. En 1969, Lubs fue el primero en relacionar el retardo mental con la existencia de un sitio frágil, actualmente reconocido en el brazo largo del cromosoma X en la banda Xq27.3 denominada FRAXA. El gen involucrado en el síndrome de X frágil es el FMR 1, el cual fue identificado en 1991 y su defecto fue atribuido a una expansión del trinucleótido repetitivo CGG, localizado en el primer exón del gen. En la población normal, las repeticiones CGG varían<br />entre un rango de 6 a 54, en individuos portadores entre 43 a 200<br />repeticiones (premutación), mientras que en afectados la expansión de la secuencia CGG tiene más de 200 repeticiones (mutación  completa) y está asociada con la metilación e inactivación del gen. El clonaje del gen FMR 1 condujo a la caracterización de su producto de expresión: la proteína FMRP, involucrada en el metabolismo del RNA y en la función ribosomal. Cuando la región promotora está hipermetilada, se frena la producción del ARN mensajero (ARNm) del gen FMR 1 y, por ende, la producción de la proteína, causando retardo mental, macroorquidismo y otros rasgos físicos y comportamentales característicos del síndrome de X frágil. El diagnóstico del síndrome de X frágil se puede hacer a nivel clínico, citogenético, molecular e inmunohistoquímico, implicando el hallazgo de la fragilidad, la determinación de individuos normales, portadores y afectados, el<br />grado de metilación del gen FMR 1 y la expresión de la proteína FMRP. Aunque este síndrome no tiene cura, el tratamiento en la última década ha sido un foco de interés no solo para los genetistas y médicos generales sino también para otros profesionales, tales como pediatras, psicólogos, trabajadores sociales, logopedas y educadores. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo informar sobre las bases genéticas y biológicas del síndrome de X frágil, y la ruta diagnóstica que debe tenerse en cuenta en el seguimiento de los pacientes y familias afectadas.<br /><br /><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> Síndrome de X frágil, FMR 1, FMRP, retardo mental, premutación, mutación completa.<br /><br /><strong>Abstract</strong><br />Following the Down syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome is the most common cause of mental retardation. Its geographical distribution is universal and affects different racial groups. This genetic anomaly shows a pattern of inheritance linked to X, dominant, with incomplete penetrance and anticipation, so it reveals a non-Mendelian segregation. In 1969, Lubs was the first to link mental retardation with the existence of a fragile site, currently recognised by the long arm of the X chromosome in band Xq27.3 called FRAXA. The gene involved in Fragile X Syndrome is the FMR 1, which was identified in 1991 and its defect was attributed to an expansion of repetitive trinucleotide CGG, located in the first exon of the gene. In the normal population, the CGG repetitions vary from a range of 6 to 54, in carriers between 43 to 200 repetitions (Premutation) while in affected individuals the expansion of the sequence CGG has more than 200 repetitions (Full Mutation) and associated with methylation and gene inactivation. The cloning of the FMR 1 gene led to the characterization of its expression product: FMRP protein, involved in RNA metabolism and<br />ribosomal function. When the promoter region is hypermethylated, it<br />reduces the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) of FMR-1 gene<br />and, thus, the production of the protein, causing mental retardation,<br />macroorquidism and other physical and behavioral traits which are characteristic of Fragile X Syndrome. The diagnosis of Fragile X Syndrome can be made at clinical, cytogenetic, molecular and immunohistochemical level, involving the discovery of the fragility, the determination of normal individuals, carriers and affected persons, <br />the degree of methylation of the FMR-1 gene and expression of<br />FMRP protein. Although this syndrome has no cure, treatment in the<br />last decade has been a source of interest not only for geneticists<br />and general practitioners, but also for other professionals, such as<br />paediatricians, psychologists, social workers, speech therapists and<br />educators. This article aims to report on the biological and genetic<br />bases of the Fragile X Syndrome, and the diagnostic route to be<br />taken into account in the follow-up of patients and families affected.<br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> Fragile X Syndrome, FMR 1, FMRP, mental retardation,<br />premutation, full mutation.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayne Weber ◽  
Elizabeth Smith ◽  
Elizabeth Berry-Kravis ◽  
Diego Cadavid ◽  
David Hessl ◽  
...  

To date, there has been limited research on the primary concerns and treatment priorities for individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and their families. The National Fragile X Foundation in collaboration with clinical investigators from industry and academia constructed a survey to investigate the main symptoms, daily living challenges, family impact, and treatment priorities for individuals with FXS and their families, which was then distributed to a large mailing list. The survey included both structured questions focused on ranking difficulties as well as qualitative analysis of open-ended questions. It was completed by 467 participants, including 439 family members or caretakers (family members/caretakers) of someone with FXS, 20 professionals who work with a person with FXS, and 8 individuals with FXS. Respondents indicated three main general areas of concern: Anxiety, behavioral problems, and learning difficulties. Important differences were noted, based on the sex and age of the individual with FXS. The results highlight the top priorities for treatment development for family members/caretakers, as well as a small group of professionals, and an even smaller group of individuals with FXS, while demonstrating challenges with “voice of the patient” research in FXS.


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