Phosphorus and root distribution and corn growth as related to long-term tillage systems and fertilizer placement

Soil and fertilizer management during cultivation can affect crop productivity and profitability. Long-term experiments are therefore necessary to determine the dynamics of nutrient and root distribution as related to soil profile, as well as the effects on nutrient uptake and crop growth. An 18-year experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul State (UFRGS), in Eldorado do Sul, Brazil, on Rhodic Paleudult soil. Black oat and vetch were planted in the winter and corn in the summer. The soil management methods were conventional, involving no-tillage and strip tillage techniques and broadcast, row-and strip-applied fertilizer placement (triple superphosphate). Available P (Mehlich-1) and root distribution were determined in soil monoliths during the corn grain filling period. Corn shoot dry matter production and P accumulation during the 2006/2007 growing season were determined and the efficiency of P utilization calculated. Regardless of the degree of soil mobilization, P and roots were accumulated in the fertilized zone with time, mainly in the surface layer (0-10 cm). Root distribution followed P distribution for all tillage systems and fertilizer treatments. Under no-tillage, independent of the fertilizer placement, the corn plants developed more roots than in the other tillage systems. Although soil tillage systems and fertilizer treatments affected P and root distribution throughout the soil profile, as well as P absorption and corn growth, the efficiency of P utilization was not affected.

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Long-term effects of tillage intensity on the distribution of microbial biomass and activity in four arable field-sites across Europe

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-9043 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ilka Schmoock ◽

Deborah Linsler ◽

Mignon Sandor ◽

Rainer Georg Joergensen ◽

Martin Potthoff

Keyword(s):

Microbial Biomass ◽

Soil Quality ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Soil Microbial Biomass ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Minimum Tillage ◽

Soil Microbial

Over the last decades, reduced tillage became more and more important as a suitable soil management practice. Moreover, reduced tillage is expected to promote a healthy and active soil life as a feature of sustainable agricultural. The determination of soil microbial biomass and microbial indices are suitable indicators for estimating soil quality. This study follows a regional approach and focusses at four different countries with varying environmental conditions at long-term experimental field-sites (LTE&#180;s) across Europe. Soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C), the metabolic quotient (qCO2) and the ratio of SMB-C to soil organic carbon (SOC) were measured as microbial properties.Our contribution to the ongoing discussion of the effectiveness of non-conventional tillage systems is (i) the comparison between conventional ploughing (CT) and minimum tillage (MT), (ii) the comparison of inversion vs. not inversion tillage at the same working depth, (iii) the comparison of ploughing vs. no-tillage (NT), (iv) the comparison between reduced tillage systems with each other (MT vs. NT).We found a significant difference of SMB-C for CT and MT between 0 and 10 cm in Germany and Sweden, but no difference between tillage treatments for the sampled soil profile (0-30 cm). We highlight that tillage changed the vertical distribution of SMB-C, showing similar values among soil depths under CT and a depth gradient with decreasing values for MT.The comparison of inversion vs. not inversion tillage at the same working depth in Romania showed no differences between CT and MT at all. This suggests that humus-rich soils seem to be more resistant to tillage-related disturbances. The working depth might have a greater impact for both, inversion and non-inversion tillage than the type of the tillage system itself.For the comparison of CT and NT, we used the field-sites in Spain and Sweden. In Spain, NT was clearly of advantage for microbial biomass and activity, compared to CT. This was true for the whole sampled soil profile (0-30&#160;cm) whereas in Sweden differences could only be detected between SMB-C levels in two soil depths. Our results indicate that the effect of tillage seems to be smaller in cold-temperate areas.Comparing MT and NT in Sweden, we found no difference in SMB-C between these two forms of conservation tillage, neither in the first centimeters, nor in the whole sampled profile. Consequently, minimum tillage seems to be an alternative in cold and moist regions if no-tillage is not possible to apply without reducing soil quality or crop yields.We conclude that even if minimum and no-tillage are generally beneficial for microorganisms, there is a big variance between the different forms of reduced tillage systems. Thus, statements cannot be made across different soils and machine types, but have to be made on a regional scale.&#160;

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Long term effects of different soil tillage systems on maize (Zea mays L.) yields

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/443/2010-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 186-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ž. Videnović ◽

M. Simić ◽

J. Srdić ◽

Z. Dumanović

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays L ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Maize Production

The effects of three tillage systems: no-tillage (NT), reduced tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT), and three levels of fertilization (0, 258 and 516 kg/ha NPK (58:18:24)), on the maize yield during ten years (1999–2008) were analyzed on the chernozem soil type in Zemun Polje, Serbia. Statistical analyses showed significant effects of all three factors i.e., year, soil tillage and amount of fertilizers, and their interactions on the maize yield. The ten-year averages showed that the highest yields were observed with CT (10.61 t/ha), while the averages with RT and NT were lower (8.99 t/ha and 6.85 t/ha, respectively). The results of the influence of the amount of the applied fertilizers on maize yield showed that the lowest yield was in the zero level of fertilization 7.71 t/ha, while the yield was raised when the 258 kg/ha and 516 kg/ha NPK were applied (9.18 t/ha and 9.56 t/ha, respectively). Analyzing the influence of the soil tillage systems on maize production with respect to the amounts of applied fertilizers, this research revealed the benefits of CT under the presented agroecological conditions, irrespective of the level of applied fertilizer.

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The Effect of Different Soil Tillage Systems and Crop Residues on the Composition of Weed Communities

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11071276 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1276

Author(s):

Vaida Steponavičienė ◽

Aušra Marcinkevičienė ◽

Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽

Lina Skinulienė ◽

Vaclovas Bogužas

Keyword(s):

Soil Ph ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Plant Residues ◽

No Tillage ◽

Agricultural Crops ◽

Weed Species ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Weed Communities

The composition of weed communities in agricultural crops is dependent on soil properties and the applied agronomic practices. The current study determined the effect of different tillage systems and crop residue on the soil weed community composition. The research programme encompassed 2013–2015 in a long-term field experiment located in the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania. The soil type in the experimental field was qualified as Endocalcaric Stagnosol (Aric, Drainic, Ruptic, Amphisiltic). Weeds were categorised into communities according to soil pH, nitrogen and moisture indicators. The results of investigations were grouped using cluster analysis. Agricultural crops were dominated by different weed species depending on the soil pH and moisture. Weed species were relatively more frequent indicating nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, an increase in the abundance of weed species indicating moderate acidity and low acidity, moderately wet and wet, nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils was observed. The application of plant residues decreased the weed species abundance. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, the quantitative distribution of weed was often uneven. By evaluating the association of weed communities with groups of different tillage systems with or without plant residues, their control can be optimised.

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Forms of phosphorus in an oxisol under different soil tillage systems and cover plants in rotation with maize

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832014000300029 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 972-979 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Arminda Moreira de Carvalho ◽

Mercedes Maria da Cunha Bustamante ◽

Zayra Azeredo do Prado Almondes ◽

Cícero Célio de Figueiredo

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Dry Season ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Organic P ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Tillage Practices ◽

Spontaneous Vegetation ◽

Labile P

Phosphorus fractions play a key role in sustaining the productivity of acid-savanna Oxisols and are influenced by tillage practices. The aim of this study was to quantify different P forms in an Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo) from the central savanna region of Brazil under management systems with cover crops in maize rotation. Three cover crops (Canavalia brasiliensis, Cajanus cajan (L.), and Raphanus sativus L.) were investigated in maize rotation systems. These cover crops were compared to spontaneous vegetation. The inorganic forms NaHCO3-iP and NaOH-iP represented more than half of the total P in the samples collected at the depth of 5-10 cm during the rainy season when the maize was grown. The concentration of inorganic P of greater availability (NaHCO3-iP and NaOH-iP) was higher in the soil under no-tillage at the depth of 5-10 cm during the rainy season. Concentrations of organic P were higher during the dry season, when the cover crops were grown. At the dry season, organic P constituted 70 % of the labile P in the soil planted to C. cajan under no-tillage. The cover crops were able to maintain larger fractions of P available to the maize, resulting in reduced P losses to the unavailable pools, mainly in no-tillage systems.

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Soil moisture under no-tillage and tillage systems in maize long-term experiment

Polish Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.17951/pjss.2018.51.1.103 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 103

Author(s):

Aleksandra Król ◽

Tomasz Żyłowski ◽

Jerzy Kozyra ◽

Jerzy Księżak

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Term Experiment ◽

Long Term Experiment

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How diversity of crop residues in long-term no-tillage systems affect chemical and microbiological soil properties

Soil and Tillage Research ◽

10.1016/j.still.2019.104316 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 194 ◽

pp. 104316 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Daiane dos Santos Soares ◽

Maria Lucrecia Gerosa Ramos ◽

Robélio Leandro Marchão ◽

Giovana Alcântara Maciel ◽

Alexsandra Duarte de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Crop Residues ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems

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Short and long-term effects of tillage systems and nutrient sources on soil physical properties of a Southern Brazilian Hapludox

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832008000400008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 1437-1446 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Milton da Veiga ◽

Dalvan José Reinert ◽

José Miguel Reichert ◽

Douglas Rodrigo Kaiser

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Soil Physical Properties ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Nutrient Sources ◽

Over Time

Soil tillage promotes changes in soil structure. The magnitude of the changes varies with the nature of the soil, tillage system and soil water content and decreases over time after tillage. The objective of this study was to evaluate short-term (one year period) and long-term (nine year period) effects of soil tillage and nutrient sources on some physical properties of a very clayey Hapludox. Five tillage systems were evaluated: no-till (NT), chisel plow + one secondary disking (CP), primary + two (secondary) diskings (CT), CT with burning of crop residues (CTb), and CT with removal of crop residues from the field (CTr), in combination with five nutrient sources: control without nutrient application (C); mineral fertilizers, according to technical recommendations for each crop (MF); 5 Mg ha-1 yr-1 of poultry litter (wetmatter) (PL); 60 m³ ha-1 yr-1 of cattle slurry (CS) and; 40 m³ ha-1 yr-1 of swine slurry (SS). Bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP), and parameters related to the water retention curve (macroporosity, mesoporosity and microporosity) were determined after nine years and at five sampling dates during the tenth year of the experiment. Soil physical properties were tillage and time-dependent. Tilled treatments increased total porosity and macroporosity, and reduced bulk density in the surface layer (0.00-0.05 m), but this effect decreased over time after tillage operations due to natural soil reconsolidation, since no external stress was applied in this period. Changes in pore size distribution were more pronounced in larger and medium pore diameter classes. The bulk density was greatest in intermediate layers in all tillage treatments (0.05-0.10 and 0.12-0.17 m) and decreased down to the deepest layer (0.27-0.32 m), indicating a more compacted layer around 0.05-0.20 m. Nutrient sources did not significantly affect soil physical and hydraulic properties studied.

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Determinants of annual fluxes of CO2 and N2O in long-term no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in northern France

Soil and Tillage Research ◽

10.1016/j.still.2006.12.002 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 95 (1-2) ◽

pp. 133-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 129

Author(s):

Katrien Oorts ◽

Roel Merckx ◽

Eric Gréhan ◽

Jérôme Labreuche ◽

Bernard Nicolardot

Keyword(s):

Conventional Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Northern France

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Long-Term Effects of Three Tillage Systems on Peanut Grade, Yield, and Stem Rot Development1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-25-2-1 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 59-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

W. J. Grichar

Keyword(s):

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Field Studies ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Tillage System ◽

Grade Yield

Abstract Field studies were conducted from 1987 to 1996 to evaluate the effects of long-term no-tillage, reduced-tillage, or full-tillage systems on peanut grade, yield, and stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) disease development. In 3 of 10 yr the full-tillage system outyielded the no-tillage system while the reduced tillage system resulted in yield increase over no-tillage systems in 2 yr. Reduced-tillage plots had a higher incidence of stem rot than full-or no-tillage in 4 of 10 yr. In 3 of 10 yr, peanut grade (% TSMK) was lower in no-tillage than full-tillage plots. The reduced tillage system has shown promise for use in Texas for peanut. However, no-tillage peanut systems have never produced yield and quality comparable to full-tillage systems.

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Aeration condition of a clayey oxisol under long-term no-tillage

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832014000300031 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 990-999 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Edner Betioli Junior ◽

Cássio Antônio Tormena ◽

Wagner Henrique Moreira ◽

Bruce C. Ball ◽

Getulio Coutinho Figueiredo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Property ◽

Spatial Location ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Pore System ◽

Soil Aeration ◽

Aeration Condition ◽

Undisturbed Samples

The hypothesis of this study was that the absence of soil tillage in long-term no-tillage (NT) systems can be detrimental to soil aeration. The objective was to assess the aeration condition of an Oxisol (Rhodic Ferrasol), very clayey texture (750 g kg-1 of clay; 200 g kg-1 of sand), after 30 years of cultivation under NT. The physical property soil air permeability (Ka) is sensitive to changes in the soil pore system. Aside from Ka, the air-filled porosity (ε a) and indices of pore continuity (K1 and N), derived from the relationship between Ka and εa, were used as indices of soil aeration. From the soil layers 0.0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m, 240 undisturbed samples were collected along a transect perpendicular to the crop rows, at three sampling positions: corn plant row (CR); center of the interrow (INT); and the equidistant point between CR and INT (PE). The properties Ka and εa were determined at soil matric potentials (Ψm) of -2, -4, -6, -10, -30, and -50 kPa. Soil bulk density (BD) was also determined. The results confirmed the hypothesis. In the 0.0-0.1 m layer, Ka, K1, N and Ψa were significantly greater and BD significantly lower in CR than at the other sampling positions. At a Ψm of -10 kPa, the Ka of CR was 6.9 and 8.4 times higher than in PE and INT, respectively, in the 0.0-0.1 m layer. The properties Ka, K1 and N were sensitive enough to detect changes in the pore system and their differences between the sampling positions demonstrated the importance of the spatial location for soil sampling. Tilling the crop rows provides better soil aeration under NT.

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