scholarly journals Method to estimate soil macroporosity and microporosity based on sand content and bulk density

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubismar Stolf ◽  
Álvaro de Mendonça Thurler ◽  
Osny Oliveira Santos Bacchi ◽  
Klaus Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Sand Content ◽  
Similar Accuracy ◽  
Root Aeration

Macroporosity is often used in the determination of soil compaction. Reduced macroporosity can lead to poor drainage, low root aeration and soil degradation. The aim of this study was to develop and test different models to estimate macro and microporosity efficiently, using multiple regression. Ten soils were selected within a large range of textures: sand (Sa) 0.07-0.84; silt 0.03-0.24; clay 0.13-0.78 kg kg-1 and subjected to three compaction levels (three bulk densities, BD). Two models with similar accuracy were selected, with a mean error of about 0.02 m³ m-3 (2 %). The model y = a + b.BD + c.Sa, named model 2, was selected for its simplicity to estimate Macro (Ma), Micro (Mi) or total porosity (TP): Ma = 0.693 - 0.465 BD + 0.212 Sa; Mi = 0.337 + 0.120 BD - 0.294 Sa; TP = 1.030 - 0.345 BD 0.082 Sa; porosity values were expressed in m³ m-3; BD in kg dm-3; and Sa in kg kg-1. The model was tested with 76 datum set of several other authors. An error of about 0.04 m³ m-3 (4 %) was observed. Simulations of variations in BD as a function of Sa are presented for Ma = 0 and Ma = 0.10 (10 %). The macroporosity equation was remodeled to obtain other compaction indexes: a) to simulate maximum bulk density (MBD) as a function of Sa (Equation 11), in agreement with literature data; b) to simulate relative bulk density (RBD) as a function of BD and Sa (Equation 13); c) another model to simulate RBD as a function of Ma and Sa (Equation 16), confirming the independence of this variable in relation to Sa for a fixed value of macroporosity and, also, proving the hypothesis of Hakansson & Lipiec that RBD = 0.87 corresponds approximately to 10 % macroporosity (Ma = 0.10 m³ m-3).

scholarly journals INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPACTAÇÃO E DO CULTIVO DE SOJA NOS ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS E NA CONDUTIVIDADE HIDRÁULICA EM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO

Irriga ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽  
José Frederico Centurion ◽  
Cassiano Garcia Roque ◽  
Zigomar Menezes de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Loose Soil ◽  
Physical Attributes

INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPACTAÇÃO E DO CULTIVO DE SOJA NOS ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS E NA CONDUTIVIDADE HIDRÁULICA EM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO   Amauri Nelson BeutlerJosé Frederico CenturionCassiano Garcia RoqueZigomar Menezes de SouzaDepartamento de Solos e Adubos, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP. CEP 14870-000. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]  1 RESUMO              Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a influência da compactação e do cultivo de soja nos atributos físicos e na condutividade hidráulica de um Latossolo Vermelho de textura média. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual Paulista – Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal (SP). Os tratamentos foram: 0, 1, 2, 4 e 6 passadas de um trator, uma ao lado da outra perfazendo toda a superfície do solo, com quatro repetições. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado para a condutividade hidráulica e, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 para os atributos físicos. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas faixas de profundidades de 0,02-0,05; 0,07-0,10 e 0,15-0,18 m, por ocasião da semeadura e após a colheita para determinação da densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade do solo. A condutividade hidráulica do solo foi determinada após a colheita. O tempo entre a semeadura e a colheita de soja foi suficiente para aumentar a compactação do solo apenas na condição de solo solto. A compactação do solo reduziu a condutividade hidráulica em relação a condição natural (mata) e a condição de solo solto, sendo que esta não foi reduzida, após a primeira passagem, com o aumento no número de passagens.  UNITERMOS: Densidade do solo, porosidade do solo, infiltração de água, soja.  BEUTLER, A. N.; CENTURION, J. F.; ROQUE, C. G.; SOUZA, Z. M. COMPACTION AND SOYBEAN GROW INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND  HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY IN RED LATOSSOL SOIL   2 ABSTRACT  The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of compaction and soybean grow on physical attributes and hydraulic conductivity of a Red Latossol, medium texture soil. The experiment was carried out in the experimental farm at the Paulista State University  – Agricultural Science College, Jaboticabal – São Paulo state. The treatments were 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 side-by-side tractor strides on the soil surface with four replications. The experimental design was completely randomized for hydraulic conductivity and a 5 x 2 factorial design for soil physical attributes. Soil samples have been collected at 0.02-0.05, 0.07-0.10 and 0.15-0.18 m depth at sowing season and after harvest in order to determine soil bulk density, total porosity, macro and micro porosity. Soil hydraulic conductivity was determined after harvest. The time period between the soybean sowing and harvesting was enough to increase soil compaction only in loose soil condition. Soil compaction reduced hydraulic conductivity compared to the natural (forest) and loose soil condition  KEYWORDS: Bulk density, soil porosity, water infiltration, soybean.

scholarly journals Maximizing the Positive Impacts of Irrigation and Its Influence on the Settlement of Soil Particles

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
Mariana BURCEA ◽  
Emil GEORGESCU ◽  
Adina BURCEA
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Loose Soil ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
S Application ◽  
Very High

Researches presented, are the subject of study on the evolution of soil quality indicators of Romanian Plain, where mainly is chernozem soil type, as a consequence of irrigation. To achieve the objectives we have studied some physical indicators of soil  ( bulk density and total porosity ) în the territory concerned, the interpretation of analytical results been performed according to the proper methodology, after taking soil samplings from pedogenetic horizons. Through an analysis of the evolution of chernozem’s soil compaction, due to irrigation’s application, it highlights different soil compaction status correlated with the physical condition of the soil. If irrigated soil, in maize crop, loosening is moderate în the layer 0-10 cm, with values of 1.20 g/cm3,after applying every year of irrigation, it indicates values ranging în a fairly widely, from small  (moderately loose soil, with bulk density of 1.23 g/cm3) , the medium  ( soil poorly compacted, bulk density was 1.45 g/cm3) . Total porosity values are down slightly throughout the soil profile under the influence of irrigation, values are în the range middle - very high. After applying irrigation are observed physical changes, that induced changes in the balances resulting from damage to structure and structure to appear grainy dust structure and consequently the tendency of poor compaction and physical change of the soil.

scholarly journals Critical Moisture Content, Bulk Density Relationships and Compaction of Cultivated and Uncultivated Soils in the Humid Tropics

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Bassey Etim Udom ◽  
Joy Ehilegbu
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Continuous Cultivation ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Rubber Plantation ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Maize Crop

Soil compaction affects soil fertility through increasing bulk density and soil strength. It also decreases infiltration rate, total porosity and amount of water stored in the root zone for crop use. In this study, we evaluated the optimum moisture contents (OMC) in relation to maximum dry density (MDD) and compaction of cultivated and uncultivated soils. The study was carried out on four land use types viz: uncultivated: Velvet tamarind (Dialium quineese), rubber plantation (Hevea brasiliensis) and cultivated: 5-year fallow and 10-year continuous cultivated soil to maize crop. Proctor test for the maximum dry density-moisture content relationship was carried out, including some hydraulic and structural properties of the soil, and their effect soil compaction. Results showed that optimum moisture content (OMC) for compaction relate to the maximum dry density (MDD).  In which case, dry density increased with water content to a maximum and decrease as moisture content increased above the optimum. Soil organic matter (SOM) content and particle size distribution highly affected the MDD and OMC. The MDD and OMC were: 1.92 g cm-3 and 10.4%, 1.95 g cm-3 and 11.2%, 1.91 g cm-3 and 12.3%, and 1.87 g cm-3 and 12.8% for velvet tamarind, 5-year fallow, CC and rubber plantation soils respectively, at 0-15 cm depth. Changes in field bulk densities at similar depths were in the order of velvet tamarind < rubber < 5-year fallow < CC. There were highly significant (p < 0.01) relationships between MDD, total porosity, Ksat and SOM and negative relationships between these parameters and OMC. Thus, continuous cultivation increased MDD and reduced OMC for compaction. Two- season fallow periods with legume could improve soil hydraulic properties and maintain the MDD of sandy soils at minimum.  

Soil compaction in permanent pasture and its amelioration by slitting

1989 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Davies ◽  
W. A. Adams ◽  
D. Wilman
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Fine Earth ◽  
Total N ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
Uptake Of Nutrients

SUMMARYIn a field which had been grazed by dairy cows for 26 years, the bulk density of both total soil and fine earth increased rapidly with depth down to 10–12 cm, but decreased below this depth. The bulk density was approximately twice as great in the 10–12 cm as in the 2–4 cm layer. Total porosity in the 10–12 cm layer was only 22%.Slitting the soil to penetrate the compacted layer approximately doubled net herbage accumulation and the net uptake of N, P and K, raising herbage production and uptake of nutrients from a low level to an acceptable one. Slitting tended to increase the concentrations of nitrate-N and K in herbage, but had little effect on the concentration of total N. Slitting increased the weight of ash-free root in the 10–20 cm depth range.

scholarly journals The impacts of ground-based logging equipment on forest soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Solgi ◽  
A. Najafi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Heavy Equipment ◽  
Operational Practices ◽  
Site Disturbance ◽  
Disturbed Soils

Soil properties can be affected by heavy equipment used for skidding but these impacts vary greatly with site conditions and operational practices. We assessed the effects of ground-based skidding on site disturbance and soil physical properties. We also tested the effects of skid trail slope and traffic frequency on soil compaction, total porosity, and moisture content. On average, about 30% of all harvested area was disturbed to varying levels. Intact forest floor (undisturbed) and light slash were the dominant surface conditions, covering an average of 68.9% of harvested area. Deep disturbed soils accounted for only just over 1.1% of observations. Results showed that dry bulk density, total porosity and moisture content were affected considerably on skid trails by traffic frequency and skid trail slope. Measurements of soil properties in the surface layer (0&ndash;10 cm) showed that bulk density is 57% higher and total porosity is 31% lower on the skid trail compared to the undisturbed area. Average moisture content has been measured as 35% on the skid trail versus 47% in the undisturbed area. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Morphology, Growth and Architecture Response of Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and Maple Tree (Acer velutinum Boiss.) Seedlings to Soil Compaction Stress Caused by Mechanized Logging Operations

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Picchio ◽  
Farzam Tavankar ◽  
Mehrdad Nikooy ◽  
Giuseppe Pignatti ◽  
Rachele Venanzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Main Root ◽  
The Impact

The Caspian forests of Iran were monitored and evaluated for forest natural regeneration after logging activities for more than a decade. This large area has a substantial ecological, environmental and socio-economic importance. Ground based skidding is the most common logging method in these forests and soil compaction is the most critical consequence of this method. One of the current main topics and important emerging issue in forest research of the last decade are discussed in this study. Soil compaction has major influences on growth and/or mortality rates of forest seedlings. This study has lasted for over ten years so as to have a clear overview related to forest natural regeneration after logging activities. We monitored and evaluated physical soil properties (bulk density, penetration resistance and total porosity) and their effects on maple and beech seedlings on 10-year-old skid trails in the Iranian Caspian forests. Results obtained from evaluating the impact of skid trails within the aforementioned three soil physical parameters were significant; bulk density increased by 12.6% on log skidded routes (between two skidder tires on skid trail) and 36.1% on tire tracks, compared to non-skid trails (1.19 g/cm3), penetration resistance increased by 68% on log skidded routes and 220% on tire tracks, compared to non-skid trails (0.25 MPa), total porosity decreased by 12.8% on log skidded routes and 30.9% on tire tracks, compared to non-skid trails (54%). Among the morphological parameters, lateral root length (LRL) and root penetration depth (RPD) showed the highest decrease at soil compaction compared to the control (decrease in LRL: 60% in maple and 44% in beech; decrease in RPD: 56% in both maple and beech); the main response of growth parameters to soil compaction was found in roots (decrease in dry mass of 36% both in maple and beech); architectural parameters were also influenced by soil compaction, and the response of both seedling species was more evident in the ratio of main root to stem length (RRS) (reduction in RRS 42% in maple, 33% in beech); the ratio of RPD to main root length (RPL) also showed a great reduction (reduction in RPL 20% in maple 33% in beech). Physical soil properties, changes in other environmental properties of skid trails, created differences in beech and maple seedling growth between the skid trails and non-skid trails. This was closely related to the physiological characteristics of the two species studied. Beech seedlings reacted well to a moderate uncovering but they needed little disturbed soil, even if there was a very mixed bedding. Maple seedlings reacted better than beech seedlings to the uncovering and soil disturbance. The effects of the skid trail on morphology, growth and architecture of maple seedlings in the Hyrcanian beech forests showed that the maple, as a seedling, is a suitable species for maintaining the physical properties of skid trails after logging operations in the beech stands in the Caspian forests of Iran.

scholarly journals COMPACTAÇÃO DO SOLO E INTERVALO HÍDRICO ÓTIMO NO CRESCIMENTO DA PARTE AÉREA E PRODUTIVIDADE DA CULTURA DO MILHO

Irriga ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ona Da Silva Freddi ◽  
José Frederico Centurion ◽  
Ricardo Garcia Aratani ◽  
Amauri Nelson Beutler
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Least Limiting Water Range ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

COMPACTAÇÃO DO SOLO E INTERVALO HÍDRICO ÓTIMO NO CRESCIMENTO DA PARTE AÉREA E PRODUTIVIDADE DA CULTURA DO MILHO  Onã da Silva Freddi; José Frederico Centurion; Ricardo Garcia Aratani; Amauri Nelson BeutlerDepartamento de Solos e Adubos, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterináiras, Jaboticabal, SP, [email protected]  1 RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a compactação do solo proporcionada pelo tráfego de tratores sobre o intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) e o crescimento e produtividade do milho em um Latossolo Vermelhode textura argilosa. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco intensidades de compactação e quatro repetições em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram coletadas amostras indeformadas de solo nas camadas de 0,02–0,05, 0,08–0,11, 0,15–0,18 e 0,22-0,25 mpara determinação da macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, densidade do solo, resistência à penetração e o IHO. Os parâmetros da cultura avaliados foram à altura das plantas e inserção da primeira espiga, o diâmetro do colmo, o número de espigas por planta, a massa seca das plantas e de 1000 grãos e a produtividade. A compactação do solo restringiu todos os parâmetros da cultura avaliados com exceção apenas para o número de espigas e a massa de 1000 grãos. O IHO foi reduzido pela resistência do solo à penetração mesmo no tratamento com solo preparado com densidade média de 1,12 Mg m-3. Apenas o tratamento com quatro passadas do trator de 11 Mg apresentou densidade do solo acima da densidade crítica determinada no IHO, que foi de 1,37 Mg m-3, no qual a produtividade de milho foi significativamente menor. UNITERMOS: Zea mays, resistência do solo à penetração, densidade do solo  FREDDI, O. S.; CENTURION, J. F.; ARATANI, R. G; BEUTLER, A. N. SOIL COMPACTION AND LEAST LIMITING WATER RANGE ON CORN SHOOT GROWTH AND SEED PRODUCTIVITY  2 ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of soil compaction caused by tractor wheel traffic on the limiting water range (LLWR), shoot growth and levels of compaction and four replications in a completely randomized experimental design. Soil samples with preserved structure were collected in the layers: 0.02-0.05; 0.08-0.11; 0.15-0.18 and 0.22-0.25m to determine macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, bulk density, resistance to penetration and LLWR. The evaluated corn parameters were: plant and first spike height, steam diameter, number of spikes per plant, plant dry matter, dry matter of 1000 seeds and seed productivity. The soil compaction restricted all corn parameters except the number of spikes per plant and dry matter of 1000 seeds. The LLWR was reduced by the soil resistance to penetration, even in the tilled soil with bulk density of 1.12 Mg m-3. Only the treatment with 11 Mg tractor, repeated four times on the area, demonstrated bulk density above critical bulk density in the LLWR that was 1.37 Mg m-3, where the seed productivity was significantly smaller. KEY WORDS: Zea mays, soil resistance to penetration, bulk density

scholarly journals Soil compaction as a consequence of utilization modes

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bosko Gajic ◽  
Goran Dugalic ◽  
Zorica Sredojevic
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Packing Density ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Void Ratio ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Agricultural Machines ◽  
Properties Of Soil

Long-standing utilization of agricultural machines in agricultural production leads to a significant increase of compaction in noncarbonate, slightly smonitza - like meadow black soils, in the Kolubara river valley. A substantial increase of compaction in the investigated soils was found in arable and subarable horizons down to the depth of 30 cm. The compaction increase induced negative changes in other most important physical properties of soil, like the increase of bulk density and packing density of soil particles, and the decrease of total porosity, content of pores > 30 mm and void ratio.

scholarly journals A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING TOTAL POROSITY IN HORTICULTURAL SUBSTRATES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1093c-1093
Author(s):  
William C. Fonteno
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
New Apparatus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Container Capacity

The determination of air and water holding capacities of horticultural substrates has been plagued by errors in measurement. The amount of air and water held at container capacity is influenced by the substrate and container height. Container capacity can be established through specific measurement. Air space, the difference between total porosity and container capacity, is usually poorly determined because of errors in total porosity measurement. Most researchers calculate total porosity (St) from the formula: St = 1-(ρb/ρp), where ρb is the dry bulk density and ρp is the particle density. While bulk density is usually measured, particle density is not. Many times an average ρp of 2.65 Mg·m-3 for mineral soils is used. This sometimes creates large errors in calculating total porosity because the values of ρp for horticultural substrates range from 0.35 to 2.1 Mg·m-3. Total porosity can be measured with great accuracy at 0 kPa tension on a pressure plate apparatus, but is costly in equipment and time. Using a modified method of extraction and a new apparatus, using standard aluminum soil sampling cylinders, total porosity was measured with an 85% reduction in time end no decrease in accuracy.

scholarly journals Effects of Ground-Based Skidding on Soil Physical Properties in Skid Trail Switchbacks

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-350
Author(s):  
Ahmad Solgi ◽  
Ramin Naghdi ◽  
Eric K. Zenner ◽  
Petros A. Tsioras ◽  
Vahid Hemmati
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Deflection Angle ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Mountainous Terrain ◽  
Straight Segments

Effective skid-trail design requires a solid understanding of vehicle-soil interactions, yet virtually no data exist on the effects of harvest traffic on soils in the switchback curves common in mountainous terrain. We contrast for the first time the effect of skidding on dry bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, and microporosity in the straight segments of the skid trail and in various positions within switchbacks of differing trail curvature (deflection angle) on different slope gradients. Treatment plots with three replications included combinations of two classes of curvature (narrow = high deflection angle, 60–70°; wide = low deflection angle, 110–130°) and two categories of slope gradient (gentle = ≤20%; steep = &gt;20%). The Cambisol soil was sampled in control and trafficked areas both before and after three passes with a rubber-tired skidder. After only three passes, significant effects were seen for dry soil bulk density (+), total porosity (–), macroporosity (–), and microporosity (+), with steady trends from undisturbed controls to straight segments to wide curves to narrow curves. Soil damage increased gradually and consistently toward the apex of the curve, particularly in narrow curves on gentle slopes. Our results establish that curvature and switchback position are important factors affecting soil compaction in ground skidding. The strong observed effects of even low harvest traffic volume on soil physical properties in curves indicate that the degree of soil compaction in skid trails may be underestimated in areas with numerous switchbacks, the placement of which within a skid trail system may require careful consideration on mountainous terrain.

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