Effects of early compost application on no-till organic soybean

Weed control has always been an important issue in agriculture. With the advent of no-till systems, soil erosion was reduced but herbicide use was increased. Organic no-till systems try to adjust reduced erosion to the no use of herbicides. Nevertheless, this adjustment is limited by the cost of mechanical weed control. This cost may be reduced by improved cultural weed control with cover crops mulches. In this paper we report a study on the application of compost manure on an oats winter cover crop, preceding soybean, instead of on the soybean summer crop. Treatments comprised a control without compost manure, and compost manure doses of 4 and 8 Mg ha-1 applied either on oats in winter or soybean in summer, organized in a randomized block design, with five replications. In summer, plots were split into weed-controlled or not controlled subplots. The timing of application and the manure doses did not affect the oats biomass or the soybean performance. However, in summer, without water stress, the application of manure at 8 Mg ha-1 directly on soybean has reduced weed biomass in this crop.

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The Method and Timing of Weed Control Affect the Productivity of Intercropped Maize (Zea mays L.) and Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11050380 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 380

Author(s):

Sabine Andert

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Block Design ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Optimal Timing ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

System Productivity ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

Herbicide Use ◽

Mechanical Weed Control

Intercropping results in high overall system productivity on a given piece of land due to the efficient use of available plant growth resources. Weed control in intercropping systems is, however, still a challenge. This study focuses on the effect of the type of weed control (chemical/mechanical) and the timing of chemical herbicide application (pre-emergence/post-emergence) on weed control and crop productivity in a maize bean mixture. For this purpose, the results of a three-year field experiment (2017 to 2019) in northeast Germany will be presented. The experimental setup included a control, three chemical methods, and one mechanical method of weed control. Except for the mechanical treatment, a completely randomized block design was established. Weeds were assessed at BBCH 12 of the maize, immediately before the first weed control treatments to estimate the initial weed infestation, and twice in the six to eight leaf stage of the maize. The weed coverage (%) was estimated. The maize bean mixture was harvested and yields (t ha−1) were measured. The results confirm that the type of weed control, as well as the timing of herbicide application, significantly affects the weed coverage of the maize bean mixture. The most successful weed control strategy was the double chemical herbicide application, in which chemical herbicides are in used pre-emergence beans (BBCH 12 maize) and post-emergence beans (BBCH 12 bean). Weed coverage was reduced by up to 75% using this most effective herbicide strategy and by up to 61% through mechanical weed control, compared to the control. The additional effects of post-emergence treatment on the pre-emergence herbicide control resulted in a 16.5% weed coverage decline. The yield surplus of double chemical herbicide application (pre/post-emergence) was up to 53%, and for the mechanical weed control up to 23%. Additionally, post-emergence herbicide use in intercropped maize and bean resulted in a 16% yield surplus, compared to the single pre-emergence chemical weed control. Optimal timing of weed control during the most sensitive phenology stages of the maize bean mixture is crucial for productivity. The results of this study provide an additional option for suitable weed control of intercropped maize and bean.

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Combate químico de malezas en manzano (Pyrus malus L.): coadyuvantes.

Agronomía Mesoamericana ◽

10.15517/am.v10i1.17992 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

José Juan Cerda

Keyword(s):

Humic Acid ◽

Weed Control ◽

Chemical Method ◽

Block Design ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Mechanical Method ◽

Mechanical Control ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Cost Efficient ◽

The Cost

This study was carried out in order to determine the efficiency of paraquat and glyphosate herbicides mixed with four coadjutants for post-emergent weed control, as compared to mechanical control, as well as their economic feasibility. The study took place in Sierra de Arteaga, Coahuila, México. Information was collected 3, 13, 17, 31, and 83 days after application. A randomized block design with four repetitions was used. Glyphosato combined with adherent controlled 80% of weeds 83 days after application; glyphosate combined with moisturizer, and glyphosate combined with humic acid yielded 78.6 and 77.1% control respectively. Parquat mixed with humic acid controlled 88.4% 31 days after application and parquat mixed with adherent showed 75.1% control after 31 days. Overall, glyphosato combined with coadjutants showed better weed control 83 days after application. The cost of such treatment was $346.3 (Mexican currency), while the cost for the mechanical method was $810.00 (Mexican currency). The chemical method proved to be the most cost-efficient.

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WEEDS IN SOYBEAN CULTIVATION WITH DIFFERENT PREDECESSOR COVER CROPS

JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE ◽

10.32404/rean.v8i2.5890 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. e5890

Author(s):

Pedro Henrique Gomes Pinto ◽

Sebastião Ferreira Lima ◽

Maria Gabriela Oliveira Andrade ◽

Lucymara Merquides Contardi ◽

Jorgiani Ávila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Bank ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Block Design ◽

Weed Species ◽

No Till ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Crop Development ◽

Raphanus Sativus L ◽

Fodder Radish

The competition between soybean and weeds affects crop development due to reduced resources such as water, light, and nutrients, leading to yield losses. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate quantitatively and qualitatively, through phytosociology and seed bank, the weed presence in a soybean cultivation area with different predecessor cover crops. The experiment was installed under no-till system conditions using a randomized block design with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments were composed of the following cover crops, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), crotalaria (Crotalaria ochroleuca), millet (Pennisetum americanum), Urochloa ruziziensis, U. brizantha cv. Piatã, fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.), U. brizantha cv. Xaraés, millet + fodder radish, and fallow. The soybean crop was established on the cover crops in the 2019/20 harvest. Soybean characteristics, the seed bank, and weed phytosociology were evaluated. The highest soybean yield was obtained with U. ruziziensis as predecessor cover crop, reaching 4530 kg ha-1. It was concluded that the following cover crops, sorghum, crotalaria, and millet, were the ones that most suppressed the soil weed seed bank. Contrarily, the fallow provided the greatest viable seed number. The weed species Eleusine indica, Digitaria insularis, and Cenchrus echinatus had higher phytosociological values in all treatments.

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EFFETS DE DIFFERENTES PRATIQUES SYLVICOLES ET DE L'INTRODUCTION DE VERS DE TERRE SUR LA STRUCTURE DU SOL EN PLANTATIONS DE FEUILLUS

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss89-071 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 705-709 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. BRAIS ◽

P. BHÉREUR ◽

D. GAGNON ◽

D. CODERRE

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Soil Structure ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Block Design ◽

Lumbricus Terrestris ◽

Silvicultural Practices ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Companion Species ◽

Mechanical Weed Control ◽

Earthworm Lumbricus

Impacts of silvicultural practices on soil structure were evaluated in hardwood plantations. On two different sites, four treatments (mechanical weed control, herbicide weed control, seeding of nitrogen-fixing companion species and a control) were undertaken, with and without earthworm introduction, according to a complete randomized block design. Treatments had significant effects on the water stability of soil aggregates, macroporosity and bulk density. Earthworm introduction significantly increased macroporosity in control plots while decreasing it in the three other treatments. Key words: Soil structure, silvicultural practices, earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris

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Weed control via intercropping with gliricidia: II. corn crop

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582009000100014 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 105-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

P.S.L. Silva ◽

T.M.S. Cunha ◽

R.C. Oliveira ◽

K.M.B. Silva ◽

O.F. Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Weed Control ◽

Block Design ◽

Gliricidia Sepium ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Weed Species ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Yield Values ◽

Herbicide Use

A reduction in herbicide use is one of modern agriculture's main interests and several alternatives are being investigated with this objective, including intercropping. Gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium) mulch has no allelopathic effect on corn or beans but significantly decreased the population of some weed species. The objective of this study was to evaluate green ear and grain yield in corn cultivars as a response to weed control achieved via intercropping with gliricidia. A completely randomized block design with five replicates and split-plots was used. Cultivars AG 1051, AG 2060, BRS 2020, and PL 6880 (assigned to plots) were submitted to the following treatments: no hoeing, hoeing (performed at 20 and 40 days after sowing the corn), and corn intercropped with gliricidia. Gliricidia was grown in a transplanting system to ensure uniform germination and fast establishment in the field. Seeding was made in 200-cell trays with one seed per cell (35 mL volume). The plants emerged two to three days after sowing and were transplanted to a permanent site two to three days after emergence. Corn was sown on the same day gliricidia was transplanted. Sixteen weed species occurred at different frequencies, with uneven distribution in the experimental area. Cultivars AG 1051 and AG 2060 were the best with reference to most characteristics employed to evaluate green corn yield. Cultivar AG 1051 provided the highest grain yield. The highest green ear yield and grain yield values were obtained with hoeing. However, the fact that intercropped plots showed intermediate yield between the values obtained for hoed and non-hoed plots indicates that gliricidia was beneficial to corn, and exerted a certain level of weed control.

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Corn and Soybean Productivity in Succession to Family Coverage Plants Poaceae and Fabaceae

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v9i3.18665 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 111

Author(s):

Marcos Cesar Mottin ◽

Edleusa Pereira Seidel ◽

Emerson Fey ◽

Jaqueline Vanelli ◽

André Luiz Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Soil Cover ◽

Block Design ◽

First Year ◽

Rotation System ◽

No Till ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

White Lupine ◽

Crop Rotation System ◽

Autumn And Winter

The use of soil cover plants has varied effects on crops grown in succession, depending on the cover plant used. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil cover plants from the Poaceae and Fabaceae families grown in the autumn and winter on yields of corn and soybean grown in succession. The experiment was carried out for two years and the experimental design used was randomized block design, with six replications. Both in the first year and the second, the plots consisted of the cultivation of corn or soybeans on the different biomasses of four cover crops cultivated in autumn and winter intercropped with corn. The cover crops were two Poaceae plants (black oats and brachiaria) and two Fabaceae plants (forage pea and white lupine). The production and productivity parameters of summer corn and soybean commercial crops were evaluated Cover plants of the Poaceae (black oat and brachiaria) and Fabacea (pea and white lupine) families intercropped with corn grown in autumn-winter did not affect their yield components and yield; as well as the productivity of soybeans in succession. According to the results of this work, the cultivation of black oat, brachiaria, forage pea and lupine increases the number of species that the farmer can cultivate intercropped with corn, favoring the crop rotation system in no-till.

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Spring-planted cover crops for weed control in soybean

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems ◽

10.1017/s1742170521000107 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Katja Koehler-Cole ◽

Christopher A. Proctor ◽

Roger W. Elmore ◽

David A. Wedin

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Block Design ◽

Weed Suppression ◽

Crop Species ◽

Cold Temperatures ◽

Weed Biomass ◽

Small Grains

Abstract Replacing tillage with cover crops (CC) for weed management in corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] systems with mechanical weed control has many soil health benefits but in the western Corn Belt, CC establishment after harvest is hampered by cold temperatures, limited labor and few compatible CC species. Spring-planted CC may be an alternative, but information is lacking on suitable CC species. Our objective was to evaluate four spring-planted CC with respect to biomass production and weed suppression, concurrent with CC growth and post-termination. Cover crop species tested were oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), brown mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] and yellow mustard (Brassica hirta Moench). They were compared to no-CC treatments that were either tilled pre- and post-planting of soybean (no-CC tilled) or not tilled at all (no-CC weedy). CC were planted in late March to early April, terminated 52–59 days later using an undercutter, and soybean was planted within a week. The experiment had a randomized complete block design with four replications and was repeated for 3 years. Mustards and small grains produced similar amounts of biomass (1.54 Mg ha−1) but mustard biomass production was more consistent (0.85–2.72 Mg ha−1) than that of the small grains (0.35–3.81 Mg ha−1). Relative to the no-CC weedy treatment, mustards suppressed concurrent weed biomass in two out of 3 years, by 31–97%, and small grains suppressed concurrent weed biomass in only 1 year, by 98%. Six weeks after soybean planting, small grains suppressed weed biomass in one out of 3 years, by 79% relative to the no-CC weedy treatment, but mustards did not provide significant weed suppression. The no-CC tilled treatment suppressed weeds each year relative to the no-CC weedy treatment, on average 87%. The ineffective weed control by CC reduced soybean biomass by about 50% six weeks after planting. While spring-planted CC have the potential for pre-plant weed control, they do not provide adequate early season weed suppression for soybean.

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Nitrogen topdressing and application ways of fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen in weed control and agronomic performance of common bean

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/0001-3765201520140347 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 2301-2307 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

MATHEUS G. SILVA ◽

ORIVALDO ARF ◽

PAULO E. TEODORO

Keyword(s):

Common Bean ◽

Weed Control ◽

Yield Components ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Agronomic Performance ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Bean Yield ◽

Leaf N Content ◽

Leaf N

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of interaction between nitrogen topdressing and different application ways (active ingredients) a.i. fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen in weed control and agronomic performance of common bean. The experiment was conducted during winter 2003 in Selvíria/MS. The experimental design used was a randomized block design with four replications in a factorial scheme 2x7. The first factor was composed by the absence or presence of nitrogen topdressing, while the second factor consisted of different application ways of fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen. The following variables were measured: leaf N content, dry matter of plants, yield components (number of pods plant-1, number of grains plant-1, the average number of grains pod-1 and mass of 100 grains), grain yield, phytotoxicity and weed control percentage. The nitrogen topdressing with 75 kg ha-1provided higher dry matter of plants, higher weed control and higher common bean yield of irrigated winter. In the absence of nitrogen topdressing in the application of urea before or together to fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen increased their effectiveness in controlling weeds without interference in the agronomic performance of common bean.

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Progress towards no-till organic weed control in western Canada

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems ◽

10.1017/s1742170511000500 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 60-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Steven J. Shirtliffe ◽

Eric N. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Faba Bean ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Green Manure ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Organic Production ◽

Field Pea ◽

Western Canada ◽

No Till ◽

Green Manure Crops

AbstractOrganic farmers in western Canada rely on tillage to control weeds and incorporate crop residues that could plug mechanical weed-control implements. However, tillage significantly increases the risk of soil erosion. For farmers seeking to reduce or eliminate tillage, potential alternatives include mowing or using a roller crimper for terminating green manure crops (cover crops) or using a minimum tillage (min-till) rotary hoe for mechanically controlling weeds. Although many researchers have studied organic crop production in western Canada, few have studied no-till organic production practices. Two studies were recently conducted in Saskatchewan to determine the efficacy of the following alternatives to tillage: mowing and roller crimping for weed control, and min-till rotary hoeing weed control in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). The first study compared mowing and roller crimping with tillage when terminating faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and field pea green manure crops. Early termination of annual green manure crops with roller crimping or mowing resulted in less weed regrowth compared with tillage. When compared with faba bean, field pea produced greater crop biomass, suppressed weeds better and had less regrowth. Wheat yields following pea were not affected by the method of termination. Thus, this first study indicated that roller crimping and mowing are viable alternatives to tillage to terminate field pea green manure crops. The second study evaluated the tolerance and efficacy of a min-till rotary harrow in no-till field pea production. The min-till rotary hoe was able to operate in no-till cereal residues and multiple passes did not affect the level of residue cover. Field pea exhibited excellent tolerance to the min-till rotary hoe. Good weed control occurred with multiple rotary hoe passes, and pea seed yield was 87% of the yield obtained in the herbicide-treated check. Therefore, this second study demonstrated that min-till rotary hoeing effectively controls many small seeded annual weeds in the presence of crop residue and thus can reduce the need for tillage in organic-cropping systems.

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Weed control in corn and weed sample size for growth evaluations

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582014000100006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 51-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L.B. Tavella ◽

P.S.L. Silva ◽

V.R. Oliveira ◽

P.L.O. Fernandes ◽

R.P. Sousa

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Sample Size ◽

Weed Control ◽

Block Design ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Weed Growth ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Experimental Variation ◽

Yield Values ◽

Viable Seeds

The objectives of this study were to evaluate baby corn yield, green corn yield, and grain yield in corn cultivar BM 3061, with weed control achieved via a combination of hoeing and intercropping with gliricidia, and determine how sample size influences weed growth evaluation accuracy. A randomized block design with ten replicates was used. The cultivar was submitted to the following treatments: A = hoeings at 20 and 40 days after corn sowing (DACS), B = hoeing at 20 DACS + gliricidia sowing after hoeing, C = gliricidia sowing together with corn sowing + hoeing at 40 DACS, D = gliricidia sowing together with corn sowing, and E = no hoeing. Gliricidia was sown at a density of 30 viable seeds m-2. After harvesting the mature ears, the area of each plot was divided into eight sampling units measuring 1.2 m² each to evaluate weed growth (above-ground dry biomass). Treatment A provided the highest baby corn, green corn, and grain yields. Treatment B did not differ from treatment A with respect to the yield values for the three products, and was equivalent to treatment C for green corn yield, but was superior to C with regard to baby corn weight and grain yield. Treatments D and E provided similar yields and were inferior to the other treatments. Therefore, treatment B is a promising one. The relation between coefficient of experimental variation (CV) and sample size (S) to evaluate growth of the above-ground part of the weeds was given by the equation CV = 37.57 S-0.15, i.e., CV decreased as S increased. The optimal sample size indicated by this equation was 4.3 m².

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