scholarly journals Plant growth and solute accumulation and distribution in two sorghum genotypes, under NaCl stress

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDIVAN FEITOSA DE LACERDA ◽  
JOSÉ CAMBRAIA ◽  
MARCO ANTONIO OLIVA CANO ◽  
HUGO ALBERTO RUIZ
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Root System ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Organic Solutes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Sensitive Genotype

Seedlings of two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes with differential tolerance to salinity were exposed to 0 and 100 mM NaCl, gradually added in increments of 25 mM every 12 hours, in nutrient solution. Seven days after starting the salt treatment the growth of the shoot and root system and the inorganic and organic solutes contents were determined. Salinity reduced the dry matter yield and length of the shoot and root system in both sorghum genotypes, specially in the sensitive one. In general, it was observed an increase in Na+ and Cl- transfer to the shoot, in Na+ and Cl- accumulation and in the Na+/Cl- ratio but a decrease in the K+ and Ca2+ transfer to shoot and in the K+ and Ca2+ contents in the shoot, always with higher intensity in sensitive genotype. Apparently, the tolerance to high saline concentrations in sorghum seems to be related to the genotype ability to avoid accumulation of harmful levels of Na+ and Cl- and, or to maintain adequate levels of K+ and Ca2+, specially in the shoot. The soluble carbohydrates and amino acids constituted together over 98% of the total organic solutes and showed the greatest absolute increase in concentration during saline stress. Probably, the soluble carbohydrates were the most important organic solutes to contribute to the osmotic adjustment in the leaves and the amino acids in the roots. Under saline stress there was an expressive increase in proline contents, specially in the oldest leaves of sensitive genotype. The proline contents, however, even under salt stress, did not reach the levels of other organic solutes. Contrary to the general acceptance, proline does not seem to have an important role in the mechanism of salt tolerance, at least for these genotypes and under the experimental conditions applied here.

scholarly journals Bayesian Network Analysis of Lysine Biosynthesis Pathway in Rice

Inventions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Aditya Lahiri ◽  
Khushboo Rastogi ◽  
Aniruddha Datta ◽  
Endang M. Septiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Reporter Gene ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Lysine Biosynthesis ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Lysine Content ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Healthy Functioning

Lysine is the first limiting essential amino acid in rice because it is present in the lowest quantity compared to all the other amino acids. Amino acids are the building block of proteins and play an essential role in maintaining the human body’s healthy functioning. Rice is a staple food for more than half of the global population; thus, increasing the lysine content in rice will help improve global health. In this paper, we studied the lysine biosynthesis pathway in rice (Oryza sativa) to identify the regulators of the lysine reporter gene LYSA (LOC_Os02g24354). Genetically intervening at the regulators has the potential to increase the overall lysine content in rice. We modeled the lysine biosynthesis pathway in rice seedlings under normal and saline (NaCl) stress conditions using Bayesian networks. We estimated the model parameters using experimental data and identified the gene DAPF(LOC_Os12g37960) as a positive regulator of the lysine reporter gene LYSA under both normal and saline stress conditions. Based on this analysis, we conclude that the gene DAPF is a potent candidate for genetic intervention. Upregulating DAPF using methods such as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing strategy has the potential to upregulate the lysine reporter gene LYSA and increase the overall lysine content in rice.

scholarly journals Bayesian Networks Analysis of Lysine Biosynthesis Pathway in Rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Lahiri ◽  
Khushboo Rastogi ◽  
Aniruddha Datta ◽  
Endang M. Septiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Bayesian Networks ◽  
Reporter Gene ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Lysine Biosynthesis ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Lysine Content ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway

Lysine is the first limiting essential amino acid in rice because it is present in the lowest quantity compared to all the other amino acids. Amino acids are the building block of proteins and play an essential role in maintaining the human body’s healthy functioning. Rice is a staple food for large proportion of the global population, thus increasing the lysine content in rice will improve its nutritional value. In this paper, we studied the lysine biosynthesis pathway in rice (Oryza Sativa) to identify the regulators of the lysine reporter gene LYSA (LOC_Os02g24354). Genetically intervening at the regulators has the potential to increase the overall lysine content in rice. We modeled the lysine biosynthesis pathway in rice seedlings under normal and saline (NaCl) stress conditions using Bayesian networks. We estimated the model parameters using experimental data and identified the gene DAPF(LOC_Os12g37960) as a positive regulator of the lysine reporter gene LYSA under both normal and saline stress conditions. Based on this analysis, we conclude that the gene DAPF is a potent candidate for genetic intervention. Upregulating DAPF using methods such as CRISPR-Cas9 has the potential to upregulate the lysine reporter gene LYSA and increase the overall lysine content in rice.

scholarly journals Osmotic adjustment in roots and leaves of two sorghum genotypes under NaCl stress

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda ◽  
José Cambraia ◽  
Marco Antonio Oliva ◽  
Hugo Alberto Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Inorganic Solutes ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Sensitive Genotype ◽  
Tolerant Genotype

Seedlings of two sorghum genotypes [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], one salt tolerant (CSF 20) and the other salt sensitive (CSF 18) were grown in nutrient solution containing 0, 50 and 100 mmol.L-1 NaCl for seven days and the osmotic potential (Ys) and the contribution of organic and inorganic solutes to the Ys were determined in the leaves and roots. Salinity reduced the Ys of the cellular sap of leaves and roots in both genotypes, mainly in the salt sensitive one. The higher decrease in the Ys in the salt sensitive genotype was mostly due to higher accumulation of Na+ and Cl- that probably exceeded the amount needed for the osmotic adjustment. Among the inorganic solutes, K+ contributed the most to the Ys in control unstressed seedlings, but its contribution decreased as salt stress increased, especially in the salt sensitive genotype. Soluble carbohydrates and amino acids were the organic solutes that contributed the most to the leaf and root Ys, respectively. No statistically significant difference in these organic solute contributions to the leaf Ys between genotypes was observed. Their contributions to the root Ys, however, were higher in the salt tolerant genotype, especially at higher NaCl concentration. Proline contribution to leaf and root Ys was quite small in both genotypes and its accumulation was not related to salt tolerance. Our results suggest that the salt tolerant genotype was able to maintain a more adequate osmotic pool in the leaves and roots under salt stress than the salt sensitive genotype.

Schistosoma mansoni: tail loss in relation to permeability changes during cercaria–schistosomulum transformation

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Howells ◽  
S. E. Gerken ◽  
F. J. Pinto-Ramalho ◽  
U. Kawazoe ◽  
G. Gazzinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
General Body ◽  
Tail Loss ◽  
Permeability Changes ◽  
Extensive Lesion ◽  
Scanning Electron

The hind-body region of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae observed in the scanning electron microscope demonstrates various stages of contraction which may be compared with those of living larvae which are secreting the acetabular gland contents.No evidence for an extensive lesion was found in cercarial bodies which had shed their tails under experimental conditions. Experiments on the permeability of the larvae to sodium fluoride, methylene blue and amino acids demonstrated that tail loss significantly affects the permeability of the bodies although the effect is greater immediately after decaudation than at later times. Subsequent increases in permeability may be correlated with a change in the general body surface.

Comparison of the responses to NaCl stress of two pea cultivars using split-root system

2009 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houneida Attia ◽  
Sarra Nouaili ◽  
Abdelaziz Soltani ◽  
Mokhtar Lachaâl
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Split Root ◽  
Split Root System

Major Compatible Solutes and Structural Adaptation of Proteins in Extremophiles

2022 ◽  
pp. 161-186
Author(s):  
Hardik Shah ◽  
Khushbu Panchal ◽  
Amisha Panchal
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Organic Solutes ◽  
Structural Adaptation ◽  
Extreme Habitats

Extremophiles are the most ancient microbes on the Earth and also a center of attraction for the scientific community for research because of their ability to adapt to extreme habitats. Compatible solutes are among those factors which enable these microorganisms to thrive in such extreme habitats. Under osmotic stress, the majority of extremophiles accumulate specific organic solutes such as amino acids, sugars, polyols, and their derivatives. In addition, proteins in extremophiles are found to be evolved by changing their amino acid composition to alter the hydrophobicity of its core and surface charge to maintain activity. This chapter encompasses a comprehensive study about the role of various compatible solutes in the endurance of microorganisms under extremophilic conditions, synthesis of compatible solutes, nature of extremophilic proteins, and their applications. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to cover various strategies adopted by the scientific community while pursuing research on compatible solutes.

Changes in Fumitory Achenes During Low Temperature After-Ripening

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry S. Jeffery ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Ripening Period ◽  
Embryo Size ◽  
Moist Sand ◽  
Fumaria Officinalis

Fumitory (Fumaria officinalisL.) achenes were after-ripened in moist sand at 4 C for 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Embryo size in longitudinal section increased 14 times during after-ripening. The percentage of ether soluble lipids and their fatty acids remained constant during the entire after-ripening period. Soluble carbohydrates were the highest at the 45-day period of after-ripening when embryo growth was rapid. The concentration of 70% ethyl alcohol soluble amino acids increased gradually over the first 45 days of after-ripening and decreased over the last 15 days as embryo growth became more rapid.

Effect of free fatty acids on blood amino acid levels in human

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (6) ◽  
pp. E686-E694 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ferrannini ◽  
E. J. Barrett ◽  
S. Bevilacqua ◽  
R. Jacob ◽  
M. Walesky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lipid Infusion ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Branched Chain

Raised plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels effectively impede glucose uptake in vivo, thereby conserving plasma glucose and sparing glycogen. To test whether FFA have any effect on blood amino acid levels, we infused Intralipid plus heparin or saline into healthy volunteers under four different experimental conditions: A) overnight fast; B) euglycemic hyperinsulinemia (approximately 100 microU/ml); C) hyperglycemic (approximately 200 mg/100 ml) hyperinsulinemia (approximately 50 microU/ml); and D) hyperglycemic (approximately 300 mg/100 ml) normoinsulinemia (approximately 20 microU/ml). In the fasting state (A), lipid infusion was associated with lower blood levels of most amino acids, both branched chain and glucogenic. This effect, however, could not be ascribed to lipid infusion alone, because plasma insulin levels were also stimulated. The clamp studies (B, C, and D) allowed to assess the influence of lipid on blood amino acid levels at similar plasma insulin and glucose levels. It was thus observed that lipid infusion has a significant hypoaminoacidemic effect of its own under both euglycemic (B) and hyperglycemic (C) conditions; this effect involved many glucogenic amino acids (alanine, glycine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, and cystine) but none of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine). In marked contrast, normoinsulinemic hyperglycemia (D), with or without lipid infusion, caused no change in the blood level of any measured amino acid. We conclude that lipid infusion has a hypoaminoacidemic action. We also suggest that this action is permitted by insulin and may involve specific metabolic interactions (e.g., reduced availability of glucose-derived pyruvate or glycerophosphate) as well as enhanced uptake by the liver.

Effects of organic solutes on the Raman spectra of barnacle muscle fibers

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1416-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Caillé ◽  
Marie Pigeon-Gosselin ◽  
Michel Pézolet
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Organic Solutes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Scattering Intensity ◽  
Barnacle Muscle ◽  
Α Helix ◽  
Barnacle Muscle Fibers

The Raman spectra observed from barnacle muscle fibers are quite complex because the cytoplasm of these cells contains several proteins and solutes. An extraction procedure was used to separate organic solutes from the contractile proteins. Glycine, trimethylamine oxide, taurine, and alanine were found to contribute to the Raman spectra of barnacle muscle fibers, while spectra of lobster fibers reveal the presence of betaine in addition. We have observed that the increase in osmolarity of the intracellular fluid caused by the augmentation of the salinity of sea water (density, 1.023–1.030) in which the barnacles were kept, induces a reduction of intensity of the amide I band. To distinguish among the different parameters which are modified by the sea water salinity, observations were made on glycerinated barnacle muscle fibers. The reduction of intensity of the amide I band in the Raman spectra of glycerinated muscle fibers was also observed with the addition of taurine (0.08 M) in the external relaxing solution. Therefore, under these experimental conditions, the Raman scattering intensity in the amide I region assigned to the α-helix conformation (1645–1650 cm−1) is increased when the concentration of organic electrolytes is reduced. However, as no significant decrease of the scattering intensity in the 1660–1670 cm−1 region where the amide I bands of either β-sheet or disordered conformations normally appear was observed, the increase of intensity of the amide I band centered at 1645 cm−1 is assigned to a change of orientation of α-helical segments of the myosin molecules. Our results suggest that organic solutes influence the position of the S-2 segments relative to the thick filaments.

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