scholarly journals Osmotic adjustment in roots and leaves of two sorghum genotypes under NaCl stress

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda ◽  
José Cambraia ◽  
Marco Antonio Oliva ◽  
Hugo Alberto Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Inorganic Solutes ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Sensitive Genotype ◽  
Tolerant Genotype

Seedlings of two sorghum genotypes [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], one salt tolerant (CSF 20) and the other salt sensitive (CSF 18) were grown in nutrient solution containing 0, 50 and 100 mmol.L-1 NaCl for seven days and the osmotic potential (Ys) and the contribution of organic and inorganic solutes to the Ys were determined in the leaves and roots. Salinity reduced the Ys of the cellular sap of leaves and roots in both genotypes, mainly in the salt sensitive one. The higher decrease in the Ys in the salt sensitive genotype was mostly due to higher accumulation of Na+ and Cl- that probably exceeded the amount needed for the osmotic adjustment. Among the inorganic solutes, K+ contributed the most to the Ys in control unstressed seedlings, but its contribution decreased as salt stress increased, especially in the salt sensitive genotype. Soluble carbohydrates and amino acids were the organic solutes that contributed the most to the leaf and root Ys, respectively. No statistically significant difference in these organic solute contributions to the leaf Ys between genotypes was observed. Their contributions to the root Ys, however, were higher in the salt tolerant genotype, especially at higher NaCl concentration. Proline contribution to leaf and root Ys was quite small in both genotypes and its accumulation was not related to salt tolerance. Our results suggest that the salt tolerant genotype was able to maintain a more adequate osmotic pool in the leaves and roots under salt stress than the salt sensitive genotype.

scholarly journals Antioxidant-enzymatic system of two sorghum genotypes differing in salt tolerance

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Henrique Alves da Costa ◽  
André Dias de Azevedo Neto ◽  
Marlos Alves Bezerra ◽  
José Tarquinio Prisco ◽  
Enéas Gomes-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Enzymatic System ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes ◽  
Sensitive Genotype ◽  
Tolerant Genotype

Two forage sorghum genotypes were studied: CSF18 (salt-sensitive) and CSF20 (salt-tolerant). Shoot growth reduction as a result of salt stress was stronger in the salt sensitive genotype compared to the salt tolerant one. When the two genotypes were subjected to salt stress (75 mM NaCl) no significant change in lipid peroxidation was observed. However, salt stress induced increases in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in both genotypes. These salt-induced increases were higher in the salt-tolerant genotype. Peroxidase activity was differentially affected by salt stress in the two genotypes. The activities of these peroxidases were decreased by salt stress in the salt-sensitive genotype and increased in the salt-tolerant genotype. In addition, the activity ratio between the superoxide dismutase and the H2O2-scavenging enzymes was higher in the salt-sensitive genotype. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the higher efficiency of the antioxidant-enzymatic system of the CSF20 genotype could be considered as one of the factors responsible for its tolerance to salt stress. Therefore, it is suggested that the ratio between superoxide dismutase and H2O2-scavenging enzyme activities could be used as a working hypothesis for a biochemical marker for salt tolerance in sorghum.

scholarly journals Alleviating Salt Stress in Barley by Use of Plant Growth Stimulants and Potassium Sulfate

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. EL-Sharkawy ◽  
T. R. EL-Beshbeshy ◽  
S. M. Hassan ◽  
E. K. Mahmoud ◽  
N. I. Abdelkader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Seaweed Extract ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Hoagland Solution ◽  
Plant Growth Stimulants ◽  
Sensitive Genotype ◽  
Tolerant Genotype

Salt impedes plant growth and yield. This study was conducted to explore the effect of plant growth stimulants (seaweed extract, humic acid) and potassium sulfate in alleviating salt stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Initially, 10 barley genotypes were germinated in a growth chamber at five salt levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%). Increasing salt concentration reduced germination percent, the speed of germination, and seedling weight. One salt-tolerant genotype (Sharqiya Estate) and one salt-sensitive genotype (Red Sea) were selected and planted in greenhouse pots containing 2 kg of sand, then subjected to 10 and 15 dS m-1 salt levels using CaCl2.2H2O: NaCl (2:1) mixed with Hoagland solution. Four treatments consisting of (1) control (Hoagland solution), (2) seaweed extract at 4 Kg ha-1, (3) humic acid at 28 L ha-1, and (4) potassium sulfate at 300 Kg ha-1 were applied to each genotype under both salt levels. Seaweed extract resulted in higher shoot dry weight in the salt-sensitive genotype under both salt levels and maintained a low Na+/K+ ratio compared with humic acid and potassium sulfate. It also resulted in higher relative yield, relative water content, higher proline, and lower electrolyte leakage in the susceptible genotype at 10 dS m-1, but the result was not different from humic acid and potassium sulfate treatments at 15 dS m-1. Seaweed extract resulted in the highest catalase activity at 15 dS m-1 in both genotypes, with higher magnitude in the salt-tolerant genotype. These results suggest that seaweed extract has potential in improving barley growth under salt stress.

scholarly journals Plant growth and solute accumulation and distribution in two sorghum genotypes, under NaCl stress

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDIVAN FEITOSA DE LACERDA ◽  
JOSÉ CAMBRAIA ◽  
MARCO ANTONIO OLIVA CANO ◽  
HUGO ALBERTO RUIZ
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Root System ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Organic Solutes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Sensitive Genotype

Seedlings of two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes with differential tolerance to salinity were exposed to 0 and 100 mM NaCl, gradually added in increments of 25 mM every 12 hours, in nutrient solution. Seven days after starting the salt treatment the growth of the shoot and root system and the inorganic and organic solutes contents were determined. Salinity reduced the dry matter yield and length of the shoot and root system in both sorghum genotypes, specially in the sensitive one. In general, it was observed an increase in Na+ and Cl- transfer to the shoot, in Na+ and Cl- accumulation and in the Na+/Cl- ratio but a decrease in the K+ and Ca2+ transfer to shoot and in the K+ and Ca2+ contents in the shoot, always with higher intensity in sensitive genotype. Apparently, the tolerance to high saline concentrations in sorghum seems to be related to the genotype ability to avoid accumulation of harmful levels of Na+ and Cl- and, or to maintain adequate levels of K+ and Ca2+, specially in the shoot. The soluble carbohydrates and amino acids constituted together over 98% of the total organic solutes and showed the greatest absolute increase in concentration during saline stress. Probably, the soluble carbohydrates were the most important organic solutes to contribute to the osmotic adjustment in the leaves and the amino acids in the roots. Under saline stress there was an expressive increase in proline contents, specially in the oldest leaves of sensitive genotype. The proline contents, however, even under salt stress, did not reach the levels of other organic solutes. Contrary to the general acceptance, proline does not seem to have an important role in the mechanism of salt tolerance, at least for these genotypes and under the experimental conditions applied here.

scholarly journals Physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia japonica Steud.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Cong An ◽  
Hailin Guo ◽  
Xiangyang Yang ◽  
Jingbo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Zoysia Japonica ◽  
Salt Stress Response ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Background: Areas with saline soils are sparsely populated and have fragile ecosystems, which severely restricts the sustainable development of local economies. Zoysia grasses are recognized as excellent warm-season turfgrasses worldwide, with high salt tolerance and superior growth in saline-alkali soils. However, the mechanism underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia species remains unknown. Results: The phenotypic and physiological responses of two contrasting materials, Zoysia japonica Steud. Z004 (salt sensitive) and Z011 (salt tolerant) in response to salt stress were studied. The results show that Z011 was more salt tolerant than was Z004, with the former presenting greater K+/Na+ ratios in both its leaves and roots. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance further, we compared the transcriptomes of the two materials at different time points (0 h, 1 h, 24 h, and 72 h) and from different tissues (leaves and roots) under salt treatment. The 24-h time point and the roots might make significant contributions to the salt tolerance. Moreover, GO and KEGG analyses of different comparisons revealed that the key DEGs participating in the salt-stress response belonged to the hormone pathway, various TF families and the DUF family. Conclusions: Z011 may have improved salt tolerance by reducing Na+ transport from the roots to the leaves, increasing K+ absorption in the roots and reducing K+ secretion from the leaves to maintain a significantly greater K+/Na+ ratio. Twenty-four hours might be a relatively important time point for the salt-stress response of zoysiagrass. The auxin signal transduction family, ABA signal transduction family, WRKY TF family and bHLH TF family may be the most important families in Zoysia salt-stress regulation. This study provides fundamental information concerning the salt-stress response of Zoysia and improves the understanding of molecular mechanisms in salt-tolerant plants.

scholarly journals Growth and Physiological Responses ofPhaseolusSpecies to Salinity Stress

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Bayuelo-Jiménez ◽  
N. Jasso-Plata ◽  
I. Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Salt Level

This paper reports the changes on growth, photosynthesis, water relations, soluble carbohydrate, and ion accumulation, for two salt-tolerant and two salt-sensitivePhaseolusspecies grown under increasing salinity (0, 60 and 90 mM NaCl). After 20 days exposure to salt, biomass was reduced in all species to a similar extent (about 56%), with the effect of salinity on relative growth rate (RGR) confined largely to the first week. RGR of salt-tolerant species was reduced by salinity due to leaf area ratio (LAR) reduction rather than a decline in photosynthetic capacity, whereas unit leaf rate and LAR were the key factors in determining RGR on salt-sensitive species. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance decreased gradually with salinity, showing significant reductions only in salt-sensitive species at the highest salt level. There was little difference between species in the effect of salinity on water relations, as indicated by their positive turgor. Osmotic adjustment occurred in all species and depended on higher K+, Na+, and Cl−accumulation. Despite some changes in soluble carbohydrate accumulation induced by salt stress, no consistent contributions in osmotic adjustment could be found in this study. Therefore, we suggest that tolerance to salt stress is largely unrelated to carbohydrate accumulation inPhaseolusspecies.

scholarly journals Physiological and Biochemical Responses to Salt Stress of Alfalfa Populations Selected for Salinity Tolerance and Grown in Symbiosis with Salt-Tolerant Rhizobium

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 569
Author(s):  
Annick Bertrand ◽  
Craig Gatzke ◽  
Marie Bipfubusa ◽  
Vicky Lévesque ◽  
Francois P. Chalifour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerant

Alfalfa and its rhizobial symbiont are sensitive to salinity. We compared the physiological responses of alfalfa populations inoculated with a salt-tolerant rhizobium strain, exposed to five NaCl concentrations (0, 20, 40, 80, or 160 mM NaCl). Two initial cultivars, Halo (H-TS0) and Bridgeview (B-TS0), and two populations obtained after three cycles of recurrent selection for salt tolerance (H-TS3 and B-TS3) were compared. Biomass, relative water content, carbohydrates, and amino acids concentrations in leaves and nodules were measured. The higher yield of TS3-populations than initial cultivars under salt stress showed the effectiveness of our selection method to improve salinity tolerance. Higher relative root water content in TS3 populations suggests that root osmotic adjustment is one of the mechanisms of salt tolerance. Higher concentrations of sucrose, pinitol, and amino acid in leaves and nodules under salt stress contributed to the osmotic adjustment in alfalfa. Cultivars differed in their response to recurrent selection: under a 160 mM NaCl-stress, aromatic amino acids and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) increased in nodules of B-ST3 as compared with B-TS0, while these accumulations were not observed in H-TS3. BCAAs are known to control bacteroid development and their accumulation under severe stress could have contributed to the high nodulation of B-TS3.

Interactive Effects of Salinity and Elevated CO2 on Ecophysiological Function of Euhalophyte Suaeda salsa

2011 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
Zhao Xiang Han ◽  
Gui Quan Han ◽  
Zhang Meng ◽  
Chun Xia Lv
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Concentration Increase ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Leaves And Roots

This study was aimed at obtaining detailed information about the interaction of NaCl salinity and elevated atmospheric CO2concentration in the halophyte S.salsa, which was irrigated with five different salinity levels under ambient and elevated (530 ppm) CO2. The results show that total soluble sugar concentration was significantly increased by salt-treatments in both leaves and roots, and that the most progressive sugar increments were observed in leaves and roots of S. salsa under the elevated CO2. The Na+ concentration in the leaves and roots increased with the increased NaCl concentration, the K+ accumulation gradually decreaed by increasing salinity levels in leaves and roots. Proline increased in response to salt stress along with incremental NaCl concentration. The GB concentrations of leaves were significantly raised as NaCl levels increased. Electrolyte leakage increased in the leaves of S. salsa grown under NaCl stress. ψs of leaves and roots decreased as the NaCl concentration increase, and that elevated CO2both had markedly greater effects on ψs of leaves and roots. The osmotic adjustment values ascended with elevated CO2concentration in both leaves and roots.

scholarly journals In vitro Salt Tolerance of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Genotypes using Different Explants

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Hamedi ◽  
Pooran Golkar ◽  
Ahmad Arzani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Percentage Data ◽  
Tolerant Genotype

To evaluate the response of different genotypes of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to in vitro salt stress was conducted. Callus derived from leaflet, pedicel, hypocotyls, and adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf were subjected to in vitro salt stress at 0, 100 and 200 mM of NaCl. The relative growth rate (RGR), callus growth rate (CGR), relative water content (RWC), tolerance index (TOL) and necrosis percentage were assessed. Results of analysis of variance indicated significant effects of salt stress, significant differences among genotypes for all traits and significant genotype × salt stress interaction for CGR, RWC and necrosis traits. The application of NaCl decreased RGR, CGR, RWC and TOL, significantly, while a significant increase observed across all the tested explants and genotypes for necrosis percentage data. An Iranian safflower genotype (K21) superior for RGR, RWC and TOL was the most salt tolerant genotype at the cellular level.Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 26(2): 231-242, 2016 (December)

Effect of salt stress on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive maize genotypes

2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Dias de Azevedo Neto ◽  
José Tarquinio Prisco ◽  
Joaquim Enéas-Filho ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Braga de Abreu ◽  
Enéas Gomes-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Antioxidative Enzymes ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Leaves And Roots

scholarly journals Impact of Salt-tolerant Rootstock on the Enhancement of Sensitive Tomato Plant Responses to Salinity

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Ayse Coban ◽  
Yelderem Akhoundnejad ◽  
Sultan Dere ◽  
H. Yildiz Dasgan
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Susceptible Genotype ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Sensitive Genotype ◽  
Tolerant Genotype

In the present study, salt-tolerant (Tom 174) and sensitive (Tom 121) tomato genotypes were grafted onto their own roots (174/174 and 121/121), and a susceptible genotype was also grafted onto tolerant genotype 121/174. The grafted plants were grown under 50 mm NaCl and control conditions in a greenhouse. Plant physiological parameters, fruit yield, and physical measurements of fruit (e.g., weight, height, diameter, volume), and chemical analysis of fruit (e.g., vitamin C, pH, and total dry matter content) were investigated. When the sensitive genotype was grafted onto tolerant genotype 121/174, the tolerant genotype Tom 174 reduced the yield loss of susceptible genotype from 44% to 3%. Also, fruit size, total dry matter content, and vitamin C increased, while pH decreased under saline conditions. The rootstock Tom 174 seemed to be able to control sensitive scions’ stomatal openness and closure for transpiration and CO2 transition on photosynthesis because dry matter content was increased. It was found that the tolerant genotype played a role in ameliorating leaf osmotic adjustment of the sensitive genotype in grafting under salt stress. The combination 121/174 had the lowest Na+ concentration in young leaves. Thus, the tolerant rootstock Tom 174 decreased the transport of accumulation of Na+ ions to young leaves in this grafting combination.

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