Factors associated with mortality among the COVID-19 patients treated at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital: A retrospective study

Background: The advent of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused millions of deaths worldwide. There is a lack of data on the outcome of hospitalized African patients suffering from COVID-19.This study aimed at identifying factors associated with hospital mortality in patients who suffered from COVID-19 at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital in Northern Uganda from March 2020 to October 2021.Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study in patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital in Northern Uganda. Socio-demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, comorbidities, duration of hospital stay, and treatment were analyzed, and factors associated with increased odds of mortality were determined.Results: Of the 664 patients treated, 661(99.5%) were unvaccinated, 632(95.2%) recovered and 32(4.8%) died. Mortality was highest in diabetics 11(34.4%), cardiovascular diseases 12(37.5%), hypertensive 10(31.3%), females 18(56.3%), > 50-year-olds 19(59.4%), no formal education 14(43.8%), peasant farmers 12(37.5%) and those who presented with difficulty in breathing/shortness of breath and chest pain 32(100.0%), Oxygen saturation (Sp02) <80 4(12.5%), general body aches and pains 31(96.9%), tiredness 30(93.8%) and loss of speech and movements 11(34.4%). The independent factors associated with mortality among the COVID-19 patients were females AOR=0.220,95%CI:0.059-0.827;p=0.030; Diabetes mellitus AOR=9.014, 95%CI:1.726-47.067;p=0.010; tiredness AOR=0.059,95%CI:0.009-0.371; p=0.0000; general body aches and pains AOR=0.066,95%CI:0.007-0.605; p=0.020; loss of speech and movement AOR=0.134,95%CI:0.270-0.660;p=0.010 and other comorbidities AOR=6.860, 95%CI:1.309-35.957;p=0.020.Conclusion: The overall hospital mortality was 4.8%. Older age, people with diabetics, females, other comorbidities, severe forms of the disease, and those admitted to HDU were significant risk factors associated with hospital mortality. More efforts should be made to provide “Enhanced shielding” to the most vulnerable population to avoid preventable morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in Northern Uganda.

Local and Systemic Complications of Local Testosterone Patches and Gels

In recent decades, testosterone therapy has gained the attention of many researchers due to the increased demand for this modality worldwide, the increased average age of the different populations, and increased awareness of the potential uses of the modality in clinical settings. Using testosterone therapy aims to treat erectile dysfunction, libido disorders, and potentially enhance physical strength and general body functions. It should be noted that the administration of this treatment modality has been reported with various adverse outcomes despite the remarkable efficacy and wide rates of administration among the different populations. In the present literature review, we have discussed the potential local and systemic complications of applying local testosterone patches and gel. The main advesre events that were reported for both formulas have been skin reactions at the site of application. However, these reactions are not usually serious, and only a few patients discontinued the therapy due to these reactions. In general, evidence indicates that the exogenous administration of testosterone has been associated with many systemic complications as cardiovascular diseases, prostate cancer, obstructive sleep apnea, and elevated hematocrite value. However, evidence regarding this association is still controversial, and additional studies are needed for verfication.

Evaluation of the Awareness of the Yazd Medical Students about Common Oral Diseases and its Relationship with General Health of the Body

Introduction: Considering the importance of oral health as a part of general health and the role of physicians in community health, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between common oral diseases and general body health from the perspective of medical students in Yazd City in 2018. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 210 internship and pre-internship students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd Cityin 2018 were selected randomly and their knowledge about common oral and dental diseases and its relationship with general body health was assessed through a valid and reliabile questionnaire consisted of 10 questions. Data were entered into SPSS version 16 statistical software and analyzed using descriptive statistics and T-test. Results: In the present study, 191 internship and pre-internship students completed the research questionnaire, of which 101 were female (52.8 %) and 90 were male (47.1%). The mean age of the students was 24.07 ±1.92. Their mean grade point average at the time of the study was 15/95±1/28. The mean score of their knowledge of oral diseases was 9.79 ± 3.27 with a range of 1 to 19. There was no statistically significant relationship between the mean score of knowledge in terms of age, sex, semester and grade point average (p˃0/05). Conclusion: The results showed that the mean score of knowledge of the internship and pre-internship students about common oral diseases and its relationship with general health is low. Therefore, it seems necessary to improve the level of knowledge of medical students in this regard by adding the mentioned topics to the educational curriculum of medical students.

An effective way to ease the condition of children with teething

У некоторых детей прорезывание временных зубов оказывает негативное влияние на общее состояние. Данный физиологический процесс нередко доставляет ребенку дискомфортные ощущения – боль, гиперемию слизистой оболочки, гиперсаливацию, жжение, зуд в полости рта, повышение общей температуры тела. Cимптомы прорезывания зубов можно облегчить в домашних условиях. Стоматологи рекомендуют использование специальных гелей и мазей, которые обладают не только обезболивающим действием, но и антисептическими свойствами. Целью данной работы было оценить эффективность применения геля на основе экстракта смолы босвеллии пильчатой, сока листа алоэ вера и экстракта цветов ромашки аптечной при прорезывании временных зубов у детей. В статье рассматривается вопрос применения геля при прорезывании временных зубов у детей. На кафедре стоматологии детского возраста и ортодонтии Института стоматологии им. Е. В. Боровского Первого МГМУ им. И. М. Сеченова под наблюдением находились 67 детей в возрасте от 5 месяцев до 3 лет (период прорезывания временных зубов). В качестве вспомогательного препарата, облегчающего болевой синдром при прорезывании зубов, назначали специальный гель. Основываясь на полученных результатах клинических изменений местных и общих симптомов, связанных с прорезыванием временных зубов у 67 детей, наблюдали уже на 3-й день применения геля значительное снижение симптоматики у 30-50%, на 5-й день – у 50-80%, на 7-й – у 90-100%. По данным анкетирования родителей, эффективность использованного геля составляет 91% опрошенных, у которых проводилось применение геля при прорезывании временных зубов, что соответствовало высокому уровню эффективности препарата. In a certain group of children, the eruption of deciduous teeth has a negative effect on the general condition. This physiological process often gives the child uncomfortable sensations ‒ pain, hyperemia of the mucous membrane, hypersalivation, burning, itching in the mouth, an increase in the general body temperature. The symptoms of teething can be relieved at home. Dentists recommend the use of special gels and ointments that have not only analgesic effect, but also antiseptic properties. The article discusses the use of gel based on an extract of Boswellia serrata resin, juice of aloe vera leaf and an extract of chamomile flowers in the eruption of temporary teeth in children. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of gel in the eruption of temporary teeth in children. At the Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics of the E. V. Borovsky Institute of Dentistry of the I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University 67 children aged from 5 months to 3 years (the period of eruption of temporary teeth) were under observation. Вased on the obtained results of clinical changes in local and general symptoms associated with teething of temporary teeth in 67 children, when using gel, a significant decrease in symptoms was observed already on the 3rd day of use in 30-50%, on the 5th day in 50-80%, on the 7th in 90-100%. According to the survey of parents, the effectiveness of gel is 91% of respondents who had the use of gel for teething of temporary teeth, which corresponded to a high level of effectiveness of the drug.

Shriram Transport Finance Corporation Ltd: Do Proxy Advisors Really Protect Non-promoters’ Interests?

Research Question: What is the role of Proxy Advisory Firms in protecting the interests of the non-promoter shareholders? Links to theory: This case study demonstrates how agency cost type 2 may lead to a conflict of interest between the promoters and the financial institutions. It also takes into consideration how the information asymmetry can be alleviated using proxy advisory services. Phenomenon studied: The case study explores the role of proxy advisory firms in influencing the votes of non-promoter shareholders at a general body meeting and its impact on the passage of resolution. Case Context: The case explores the role of shareholder activism in general and proxy firms in particular to protect the interests of minority shareholders at STFC where financial institutions have substantial stake vis-a-vis the promoters. Findings: The case study findings suggest that proxy advisory firms have now earned the confidence of the financial institutions and non-promoter investors. This adds vital fire power to the shareholder activism movement in India. However, the company’s stance that the report was based on quantitative factors and Puneet Bhatia’s contribution has been ignored calls for a more robust method of arriving at recommendations. The role of TPG in directing Puneet not to join should also be commended. Discussion: The case study examines in detail the growing influence of proxy advisory firms on voting by financial institutions in annual general body meetings. It raises the issue of whether quantitative metrics such as number of meetings attended can overshadow the qualitative inputs and contributions made by a director. The need for financial institutions to think beyond their interests and consider actively recommendations by proxy advisory firms is also highlighted. Are minority shareholders’ concerns now being better addressed in annual general body meetings is another development the case throws light on. Corporate governance norms in the context of roles and duties of directors is also touched upon.

General body response to peros immunization

Observing changes in the content of leukocytes (gl. Arr. Pseudo-eosinophils and lymphocytes) in the form of transient leukocytosis in the blood of rabbits immunized with peros cholera tablets

Evaluation of general body temperament and uterine dystemperament in amenorrhoea: a cross-sectional analytical study

Objectives Amenorrhoea in women of reproductive age may be an indication of an undiagnosed and chronic condition. The concept of temperament is a fundamental component of health preservation and diagnosis of various disease conditions including amenorrhoea in Unani medicine. Dystemperament is the commonest cause of various diseases. Therefore, general body temperament and uterine dystemperament in amenorrhoea was determined. Methods A prospective, single-centre, cross-sectional observational study from June to November 2019 was conducted in 80 patients of reproductive age with amenorrhoea ≥60 days. Validated questionnaire for the assessment of women’s general body temperament and clinical features of uterine dystemperament was used. The data were analysed by appropriate statistical analysis. Results The age of patients with amenorrhoea ranged from 14 to 50 years. The most prevalent general body temperament was cold (57.5%) and wet (60%). Cold and wet general temperament was more common at the age of 21–30 years (30 and 36.25%), 60–90 days of amenorrhoea (33.75 and 32.5%) and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (47.5 and 50%). The most prevalent uterine dystemperament was cold and dry (95%). A significant correlation between general temperament with age, amenorrhoea and BMI >23 kg/m2 was noted. Moreover, the cold temperament of the body had a significant correlation with cold uterine temperament (r=0.864, p<0.001). Conclusions This study corroborated the claim of Unani scholars that cold and wet general and uterine temperament is more common in amenorrhoea and obesity. However, amenorrhoea can also occur in normal and other temperaments.

Improving Adolescent Reproductive Health Through Dysmenorrhea Gymnastics Education at The PSBR Dormitory, Blitar City

Dysmenorrhea is often occurred at the beginning of menstruation, especially in adolescents. If left untreated, pain experienced by adolescents with primary dysmenorrhea could lead to serious problems that ultimately require health services and could also reduce quality of reproductive health and general body health. The aim of gymnastics activity is to improve the reproductive health of adolescent women through the provision of dysmenorrhea gymnastics education. The activity was divided into 2 sessions, lecture and practice. The first session were explanations, questions and answers about the menstrual cycle, dysmenorrhoea and how to prevent or treat dysmenorrhoea pain using dysmenorrhea gymnastics. The second one was gymnastics practice in the same time between community service team and all of the participants, where the service team was divided as gymnastics instructor and the others as facilitator who correct participants' exercise movements that were not right. This activity was carried out on young women at the PSBR dormitory in Blitar City. Implementation was in the March 2021 and followed by 35 teenagers. The results of this activity indicated that all of the participants were able to follow and carry out activities that have been planned properly. Dysmenorrhea gymnastics were an easy, cheap and safe way to reduce and prevent dysmenorrhea pain so that it could be an independent dysmenorrhea therapeutics option for adolescents, especially teenagers in the PSBR dormitory in Blitar City.

AN AYURVEDIC REVIEW OF KARNANADA W.S.R. TINNITUS

Karnanada considered as illness caused due to vitiated VataDosha in which a person hears different types of sound in absence of any relevant external stimulus. Now days, it can be considered as tinnitus, a disease with mul- tifactorial etiology. It may be concerned with unhealthy condition of only ear, ear with head disease, only head disease or may be associated with general body condition. In tinnitus patient got ringing, buzzing or other type of sound in one or both ears which might be constant and inconstant often associated with hearing loss. In Ayurveda it is described as preliminary symptoms of hearing loss, which without treatment or with incomplete or improper treatment will progress towards hearing loss. In present scenario of electronic devices which produces electro- magnetic waves (which are harmful to ear including whole body organs), number of such type of cases are in- creasing frequently worldwide. Causes of tinnitus according to modern medicine is unclear or having multiple etiologies therefore treatment guideline of tinnitus in modern practice is not definite hence prognosis of disease also remains uncertain. But in Ayurveda prognosis and line of treatment of Karnanada is mentioned and we can achieve good and satisfactory result. Keywords: Karnanada, Tinnitus, Ayurveda

Perbedaan Kebersihan Rongga Mulut dan Kesehatan Periodontal Antara Mahasiswa Kedokteran Gigi dengan Mahasiswa Kesehatan Non-Kedokteran Gigi di Universitas Jember

Oral health is an important part of general body health and is related by several factors, behavioral domain factor is one of related factor consisting of knowledge, attitudes, and actions. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences of oral hygiene and periodontal health in dental students with non-dental health students at Jember University. This research was an observational analytic with cross-sectional findings. The subjects were 274 Jember University health students. Data obtained by taking questionnaires and clinical examinations using OHI-S to determine the oral hygiene status and CPITN to examine the periodontal health status. The result of this study is dental students and non-dental health students has the same level of oral hygiene that is the medium level with lower OHI-S scores for dental students compared to non-dental health students. The conclusion of this study is there is no difference in the periodontal health status of dental students with non-dental health students at Jember University.