scholarly journals Fluorosis in rats exposed to oscillating chronic fluoride doses

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Bonadia Catani ◽  
Livia Maria Andaló Tenuta ◽  
Fernanda Alcântara Andaló ◽  
Jaime Aparecido Cury
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolic Effect ◽  
Fluoride Exposure ◽  
Constant Dose ◽  
The Mean

Considering that blood fluoride concentration varies according to fluoride exposure and that dental fluorosis is related to the amount of enamel formed under a given fluoride dose, the present study investigated whether the fluorosis produced by an oscillating chronic fluoride dose would be similar to that caused by exposure to a constant dose, representing the mean of the oscillation during a given time. Rats received during 78 days water with fluoride concentrations of 0, 12.5, 25 or 37.5 µg F/mL, or oscillating concentrations of 12.5 and 37.5 µg F/mL every 72 h (mean exposure=25 µg F/mL). The concentrations of fluoride in the plasma, femur and incisors of the rats were determined at the end of the experimental period. Also, the enamel dental fluorosis index was determined in the incisors using a quantitative method developed by our research group named Dental Fluorosis by Image Analysis (DFIA). Fluoride concentrations in plasma, femur and teeth, and DFIA increased linearly for constant fluoride concentrations in water (p<0.0001, r values=0.87-0.98). The results of the oscillating group and the groups receiving 25 µg F/mL did not differ significantly (p>0.05). The findings of this study suggest that in animals chronically exposed to symmetrically oscillating fluoride doses, the resulting dental fluorosis reflects the metabolic effect of the mean of the oscillating doses.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physicochemical Characteristics in Drinking Water Sources Emphasized on Fluoride: A Case Study of Yancheng, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumin Wang ◽  
Ran Yu ◽  
Guangcan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Fluoride Exposure ◽  
Exposure Levels

In this study, the concentration of fluoride and the associated health risks for infants, children, and adults were analyzed and compared for three drinking water sources in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, China. To analyze the relationship between the water quality parameters of pH, fluoride (F−), sulfate (SO42−), chloride (Cl−), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TAlk), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+), statistical analyses including correlation analysis, R-mode cluster analysis and factor analysis were performed based on monthly data from the year 2010 to 2015. The results indicated: (1) Fluoride concentrations in the drinking water sources ranged from 0.38 to 1.00 mg L−1 (mean = 0.57 mg L−1) following the order of Tongyu River > Yanlong Lake > Mangshe River; (2) fluoride concentrations in 22.93% of the collected samples were lower than 0.5 mg L−1, which has the risk of tooth cavities, especially for the Mangshe River; (3) the fluoride exposure levels of infants were higher than children and adults, and 3.2% of the fluoride exposure levels of infants were higher than the recommended toxicity reference value of 122 μg kg−1 d−1 as referenced by Health Canada, which might cause dental fluorosis issues; (4) the physico-chemical characteristics are classified the into four groups reflecting F−- TAlk, Na+-K+, SO42−-Cl−, and pH-TDS, respectively, indicating that fluoride solubility in drinking water is TAlk dependent, which is also verified by R-mode cluster analysis and factor analysis. The results obtained supply useful information for the health department in Yancheng City, encouraging them to pay more attention to fluoride concentration and TAlk in drinking water sources.

scholarly journals Biomarkers for the Assessment of Fluoride Exposure in Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-143
Author(s):  
Oladipo S. Idowu ◽  
Ralph M. Duckworth ◽  
Ruth A. Valentine ◽  
Fatemeh Vida Zohoori
Keyword(s):  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Validated Questionnaires ◽  
Fluoride Exposure ◽  
Fluoride Intake ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
High Fluoride

Due to practical difficulties in quantifying fluoride exposure, the ability of various biomarkers to predict exposure has been investigated previously. However, the results are inadequate for validation of their application and usefulness. This study aimed to investigate the association between contemporary/recent biomarkers of fluoride exposure and total daily fluoride intake (TDFI) of children with large differences in fluoride exposure through drinking water. TDFI was assessed in 61 healthy 4- to 5-year-old children who provided at least 1 biomarker sample; 32 lived in a low-fluoride area (0.04 mg F/L) and 29 lived in a high-fluoride area (3.05 mg F/L). Validated questionnaires were administered to evaluate fluoride intake from diets (including water) and toothpaste ingestion. Daily urinary fluoride excretion (UFE) and fluoride concentrations in plasma, fasting whole saliva, hair, and nails (toenails/fingernails) were evaluated and related to total fluoride exposure. TDFI, UFE, and fluoride concentrations of biomarkers were statistically significantly higher in the high-fluoride area than in the low-fluoride area. There was a strong statistically significant positive correlation between TDFI and UFE (ρ = 0.756, p < 0.001); plasma fluoride concentration (ρ = 0.770, p < 0.001); and toenail fluoride concentration (ρ = 0.604, p < 0.001). The statistically significant positive correlation between TDFI and fingernail fluoride concentration (ρ = 470, p < 0.001) as well as between TDFI and fasting whole saliva fluoride concentration (ρ = 0.453, p = 0.001) was moderate, whereas it was weak between TDFI and hair fluoride concentration (ρ = 0.306, p = 0.027). In conclusion, the current study confirmed the suitability of 24-h urine samples for estimating fluoride exposure in children. The strong correlations between TDFI and fluoride in plasma and toenails also suggest these biomarkers may be considered for health risk assessments of fluoride in children who are susceptible to development of dental fluorosis.

scholarly journals Fluoride Concentration in Ground Water and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift Valley: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habtamu Demelash Enyew ◽  
Abebe Hailu Beyene ◽  
Zewdu Abebe ◽  
Addisu Dagnaw Melese
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: The concentration of fluoride in ground drinking water greater than the world health organization standard value imposes a serious health, social and economic problem in developing countries. In the Ethiopian Rift Valley where deep wells are the major source of drinking water, high fluoride level is expected. Though many epidemiological studies on fluoride concentration and its adverse effects have been conducted in the region, the result is highly scattered and needs systematically summarized for better utilization. Objective: This research is aimed at estimating the pooled level of fluoride concentration in ground drinking water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis among Ethiopian rift valley residences. Methods: Cochrane library, MEDLINE/PubMed and Google scholar databases were searched for studies reporting the mean concentration of fluoride in ground water and prevalence of dental fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift valley. Search terms were identified by extracting key terms from reviews and selected relevant papers and review medical subject headings for relevant terms. Results: The mean fluoride level in ground water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis were pooled from eleven and nine primary studies conducted in Ethiopian Rift Valley respectively. The pooled mean level of fluoride in ground water therefore was 6.03 mg/l (95% CI; 4.72–7.72, p < 0.001) and the pooled prevalence of dental fluorosis among residents in Ethiopian rift valley was 32% (95% CI: 25, 39%, p<0.001), 29% (95% CI: 22, 36%, p<0.001) and 24% (95% CI: 17, 32%, p<0.001 for mild, moderate and sever dental fluorosis respectively. The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis is 28% (95% CI: 24, 32%, p<0.001). Conclusions: Though, the concentration level varies across different part of the rift valley region, still the level of fluoride in ground drinking water is greater than the WHO standard value (1.5mg/l). Relatively high-level pooled prevalence of dental fluorosis was also seen in Ethiopian rift valley. Therefore, further studies covering the temperature, exposure time and other intake path ways with large sample size is recommended. Interventional projects should be implemented to decrease the concentration of fluoride in the ground drinking water source. Key words: Dental fluorosis, Fluoride, Concentration, Rift Valley, Ethiopia

scholarly journals Fluoride Concentration in Ground Water and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift Valley: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habtamu Demelash Enyew ◽  
Abebe Hailu Beyene ◽  
Zewdu Abebe ◽  
Addisu Dagnaw Melese
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: The concentration of fluoride in ground drinking water greater than the world health organization standard value imposes a serious health, social and economic problem in developing countries. In the Ethiopian Rift Valley where deep wells are the major source of drinking water, high fluoride level is expected. Though many epidemiological studies on fluoride concentration and its adverse effects have been conducted in the region, the result is highly scattered and needs systematically summarized for better utilization. Objective: This research is aimed at estimating the pooled level of fluoride concentration in ground drinking water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis among Ethiopian rift valley residences. Methods: Cochrane library, MEDLINE/PubMed and Google scholar databases were searched for studies reporting the mean concentration of fluoride in ground water and prevalence of dental fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift valley. Search terms were identified by extracting key terms from reviews and selected relevant papers and review medical subject headings for relevant terms. Results: The mean fluoride level in ground water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis were pooled from eleven and nine primary studies conducted in Ethiopian Rift Valley respectively. The pooled mean level of fluoride in ground water therefore was 6.03 mg/l (95% CI; 4.72–7.72, p < 0.001) and the pooled prevalence of dental fluorosis among residents in Ethiopian rift valley was 32% (95% CI: 25, 39%, p<0.001), 29% (95% CI: 22, 36%, p<0.001) and 24% (95% CI: 17, 32%, p<0.001 for mild, moderate and sever dental fluorosis respectively. The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis is 28% (95% CI: 24, 32%, p<0.001). Conclusions: Though, the concentration level varies across different part of the rift valley region, still the level of fluoride in ground drinking water is greater than the WHO standard value (1.5mg/l). Relatively high-level pooled prevalence of dental fluorosis was also seen in Ethiopian rift valley. Therefore, further studies covering the temperature, exposure time and other intake path ways with large sample size is recommended. Interventional projects should be implemented to decrease the concentration of fluoride in the ground drinking water source. Key words: Dental fluorosis, Fluoride, Concentration, Rift Valley, Ethiopia

scholarly journals Association between Urine Fluoride and Dental Fluorosis as a Toxicity Factor in a Rural Community in the State of San Luis Potosi

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizet Jarquín-Yañez ◽  
José de Jesús Mejía-Saavedra ◽  
Nelly Molina-Frechero ◽  
Enrique Gaona ◽  
Diana Olivia Rocha-Amador ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
The State ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Fluoride Exposure ◽  
San Luis ◽  
San Luis Potosi ◽  
Toxicity Factor ◽  
San Luis Potosí

Objective. The aim of this study is to investigate urine fluoride concentration as a toxicity factor in a rural community in the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.Materials and Methods. A sample of 111 children exposed to high concentrations of fluoride in drinking water (4.13 mg/L) was evaluated. Fluoride exposure was determined by measuring urine fluoride concentration using the potentiometric method with an ion selective electrode. The diagnosis of dental fluorosis was performed by clinical examination, and the severity of damage was determined using Dean’s index and the Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) index.Results. The range of exposure in the study population, evaluated through the fluoride content in urine, was 1.1 to 5.9 mg/L, with a mean of 3.14 ± 1.09 mg/L. Dental fluorosis was present in all subjects, of which 95% had severe cases. Higher urine fluoride levels and greater degrees of severity occurred in older children.Conclusions. The results show that dental fluorosis was determined by the presence of fluoride exposure finding a high positive correlation between the severity of fluorosis and urine fluoride concentration and the years of exposure suggested a cumulative effect.

scholarly journals Fluoride concentration in ground water and prevalence of dental fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift Valley: systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Habtamu Demelash ◽  
Abebe Beyene ◽  
Zewdu Abebe ◽  
Addisu Melese
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background The concentration of fluoride in ground drinking water greater than the world health organization standard value imposes a serious health, social and economic problem in developing countries. In the Ethiopian Rift Valley where deep wells are the major source of drinking water, high fluoride level is expected. Though many epidemiological studies on fluoride concentration and its adverse effects have been conducted in the region, the result is highly scattered and needs systematically summarized for better utilization. Objective This research is aimed at estimating the pooled level of fluoride concentration in ground drinking water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis among Ethiopian rift valley residences. Methods Cochrane library, MEDLINE/PubMed and Google scholar databases were searched for studies reporting the mean concentration of fluoride in ground water and prevalence of dental fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift valley. Search terms were identified by extracting key terms from reviews and selected relevant papers and review medical subject headings for relevant terms. Results The mean fluoride level in ground water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis were pooled from eleven and nine primary studies conducted in Ethiopian Rift Valley respectively. The pooled mean level of fluoride in ground water therefore was 6.03 mg/l (95% CI; 4.72–7.72, p < 0.001) and the pooled prevalence of dental fluorosis among residents in Ethiopian rift valley was 32% (95% CI: 25, 39%, p < 0.001), 29% (95% CI: 22, 36%, p < 0.001) and 24% (95% CI: 17, 32%, p < 0.001 for mild, moderate and sever dental fluorosis respectively. The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis is 28% (95% CI, 24, 32%, p < 0.001). Conclusions Though, the concentration level varies across different part of the rift valley region, still the level of fluoride in ground drinking water is greater than the WHO standard value (1.5 mg/l). Relatively high-level pooled prevalence of dental fluorosis was also seen in Ethiopian rift valley. Therefore, further studies covering the temperature, exposure time and other intake path ways with large sample size is recommended. Interventional projects should be implemented to decrease the concentration of fluoride in the ground drinking water source.

scholarly journals Association Between Osteoarthritis and Water Fluoride Among Tongyu Residents, China 2019: A Case-control of Population-based Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alphonse Sowanou ◽  
Xinyue Meng ◽  
Nan Zhong ◽  
Yongzheng Ma ◽  
Ailin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Environmental Chemical ◽  
Fluoride Exposure ◽  
Kellgren And Lawrence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Stratified Analysis ◽  
Water Fluoride

Abstract Background: Fluoride is an environmental chemical that has adverse effects on health, probably increasing osteoarthritis (OA) risk. However, whether fluoride is a serious risk factor for OA is still inconsistent among current evidence. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between chronic fluoride exposure and OA risk among the residents living in Tongyu County, China 2019.Method: 186 cases and 186 controls aged 26 to 86 years were recruited after x-ray examination with Kellgren and Lawrence criteria by two independent evaluators. Urinary fluoride (UF) in a spot sample was measured by fluoride ion-selective electrode, and water fluoride data were used as community level of exposure. Associations between fluoride exposure and OA risk were examined by the unconditional logistic regression. Covariates included age, gender, body mass index, duration of living, daily water drunk, income, sport and filter use with stratified analysis.Results: Mean UF concentration 2.54 ± 1.22 mg/L was higher than the mean of community water fluoride concentration 1.49 ± 0.32 mg/L. The mean UF concentration 2.73 ± 1.18 mg/L was significantly higher in cases compared to 2.35 ± 1.24 mg/L in controls group (p < 0.02). In full sample analysis, a 1mg/L increase in UF level was associated with a 27% higher risk of OA (95% CI: 1.06 - 1.52, p = 0.008), and 4th quartile participants were associated with higher risk when compared to 1st quartile (OR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.34 – 4.57, p = 0.003). In stratified analysis, compared to 1st quartile, 4th quartile participants were 4 times more likely to have OA (95% CI: 1.86 – 8.82, p = 0.000) in the non-obese group, 7.7 times more likely to have OA (95% CI: 2.58 – 25.05, p = 0.000) among adults ≤ 60-year and 12 times more likely to have OA (95% CI: 2.15 – 99.65, p = 0.008) in non-obese adult women ≤ 60-year group.Conclusion: Water fluoride exposure may increase OA risk and could have more impact on a specific group such as non-obese and adult ≤ 60-year population.

scholarly journals Fluoride Concentration in Ground Water and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift Valley: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habtamu Demelash Enyew ◽  
Abebe Hailu Beyene ◽  
Zewdu Abebe ◽  
Addisu Dagnaw Melese
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
High Fluoride ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract Background High fluoride concentrations in ground water is a serious health, social and economic problem in developing countries. The Ethiopian Rift Valley is associated with high fluoride levels in ground water where deep wells are the major source of drinking water supply. Many epidemiological studies on fluoride concentration and its adverse effects have been carried out. However, the result is scattered in different studies which needs systematically summarized for utilization.Objective The aim of this research is to estimate the pooled level of fluoride concentration in ground water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis in Ethiopian rift valley.Methods MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane library and Google scholar databases were systematically searched for studies reporting the mean concentration of fluoride in ground water and prevalence of dental fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift valley. We identified search terms by extracting key terms from reviews and selected relevant papers and review medical subject headings for relevant and appropriate terms.Results The mean concentration of fluoride in ground water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis were pooled from eleven and nine primary studies conducted in Ethiopian Rift Valley respectively. The pooled mean concentration of fluoride in ground water therefore was 6.03 mg/l (95% CI; 4.72–7.72, p < 0.001) and the pooled prevalence of dental fluorosis among residents in Ethiopian rift valley was 32% (95% CI: 25, 39%, p<0.001), 29% (95% CI: 22, 36%, p<0.001) and 24% (95% CI: 17, 32%, p<0.001 for mild, moderate and sever fluorosis respectively. The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis is 28% (95% CI: 24, 32%, p<0.001).Conclusions The mean concentration of fluoride in ground water in Ethiopian rift valley is nearly four times greater than the WHO guideline (1.5mg/l). Relatively high-level pooled prevalence of dental fluorosis was also seen in Ethiopian rift valley. Therefore, further studies covering the temperature, exposure time and other intake path ways including diet with large sample size is recommended. Interventional projects should conduct to decrease the concentration of fluoride in the ground drinking water source.

Fluoride Revolution and Dental Caries: Evolution of Policies for Global Use

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 837-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.P. Whelton ◽  
A.J. Spencer ◽  
L.G. Do ◽  
A.J. Rugg-Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Tooth Development ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Caries Prevention ◽  
World Health ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Fluoride Exposure

Epidemiological studies over 70 y ago provided the basis for the use of fluoride in caries prevention. They revealed the clear relation between water fluoride concentration, and therefore fluoride exposure, and prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis and dental caries. After successful trials, programs for water fluoridation were introduced, and industry developed effective fluoride-containing toothpastes and other fluoride vehicles. Reductions in caries experience were recorded in many countries, attributable to the widespread use of fluoride. This is a considerable success story; oral health for many was radically improved. While previously, water had been the only significant source of fluoride, now there are many, and this led to an increase in the occurrence of dental fluorosis. Risks identified for dental fluorosis were ingestion of fluoride-containing toothpaste, water fluoridation, fluoride tablets (which were sometimes ingested in areas with water fluoridation), and infant formula feeds. Policies were introduced to reduce excessive fluoride exposure during the period of tooth development, and these were successful in reducing dental fluorosis without compromising caries prevention. There is now a much better understanding of the public perception of dental fluorosis, with mild fluorosis being of no aesthetic concern. The advantages of water fluoridation are that it provides substantial lifelong caries prevention, is economic, and reduces health inequalities: it reaches a substantial number of people worldwide. Fluoride-containing toothpastes are by far the most important way of delivering the beneficial effect of fluoride worldwide. The preventive effects of conjoint exposure (e.g., use of fluoride toothpaste in a fluoridated area) are additive. The World Health Organization has informed member states of the benefits of the appropriate use of fluoride. Many countries have policies to maximize the benefits of fluoride, but many have yet to do so.

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