Systemic and local antibodies induced by an experimental inactivated vaccine against bovine herpesvirus type 1

An experimental inactivated vaccine against bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) was produced aiming to evaluate the systemic and local antibody responses in 12 seronegative heifers, after vaccination and revaccination. Serum samples were submitted to virus neutralization assay and to ELISA test for detection of IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes. Nasal secretion samples were submitted to the same ELISA test for detection of IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes. The results showed that moderate to high neutralizing titres and IgG1 and IgG2 antibody responses were induced after the second vaccination in the serum and in nasal secretions up to 114 days post vaccination. IgG2 antibodies were the prevalent isotype for most of the post-vaccination period. The results indicate that BoHV-1 experimental inactivated vaccine elicited potentially protective IgG1 and IgG2 antibody levels, both in the systemic and mucosal compartments.

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Field Evaluation of Commercial Vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Ibr) Virus Using Different Immunization Protocols

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9040408 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 408

Author(s):

Laureana De Brun ◽

Mauro Leites ◽

Agustín Furtado ◽

Fabricio Campos ◽

Paulo Roehe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Clinical Syndromes ◽

Igg2 Antibody ◽

Clinical Protection ◽

Group 2

Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 is ubiquitous in cattle populations and is associated with several clinical syndromes, including respiratory disease, genital disease, infertility and abortions. Control of the virus in many parts of the world is achieved primarily through vaccination with either inactivated or live modified viral vaccines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of four commercially available BoHV-1 vaccines commonly used in Central and South America. Animals were divided into eight groups and vaccinated on days 0 and 30. Groups 1 to 4 received two doses of four different BoHV-1 commercial vaccines (named A to D). Groups 5 and 6 received vaccine D plus a vaccine for either Clostridial or Food-and-Mouth-Disease (FMD), respectively. Group 7 received one dose of two different brands of reproductive vaccines. Serum samples were collected from all animals on days 0, 30 and 60 to evaluate neutralizing and isotype-specific (IgG1 and IgG2) antibodies. Of the four commercial vaccines evaluated, only vaccine A induced neutralizing antibodies to titers ≥ 1:8 in 13/15 (86%) of the animals 60 days post-vaccination. Levels of IgG2 antibody increased in all groups, except for group 2 after the first dose of vaccine B. These results show that only vaccine A induced significant and detectable levels of BoHV-1-neutralizing antibodies. The combination of vaccine D with Clostridial or FMD vaccines did not affect neutralizing antibody responses to BoHV-1. The antibody responses of three of the four commercial vaccines analyzed here were lower than admissible by vaccine A. These results may be from vaccination failure, but means to identify the immune signatures predictive of clinical protection against BoHV-1 in cattle should also be considered.

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Field evaluation of safety during gestation and horizontal spread of a recombinant differential bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) vaccine

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2005000100010 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 54-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fernando R. Spilki ◽

Alessandra D. Silva ◽

Helena Beatriz C. Ruthner Batista ◽

Anna P. Oliveira ◽

Evandro Winkelmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Manipulation ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Live Virus ◽

Herpesvirus Type ◽

Horizontal Spread

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is recognized as a major cause of respiratory, reproductive disease and abortion in cattle. Vaccination is widely applied to minimize losses induced by BoHV-1 infections; however, vaccination of dams during pregnancy with modified live virus (MLV) vaccines has been occasionally associated to abortions. We have previously reported the development of a BoHV-1 recombinant virus, constructed with basis on a Brazilian BoHV-1 (Franco et al. 2002a) from which the gene coding for glycoprotein E (gE) was deleted (gE-) by genetic manipulation. Such recombinant has been previously evaluated in its potential as a differential vaccine (gE- vaccine) that allows differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. Here, in the first part of the present study, the safety of the gE- vaccine during pregnancy was evaluated by the intramuscular inoculation of 10(7.4) tissue culture 50 % infective doses (TCID50) of the virus into 22 pregnant dams (14 BoHV-1 seronegative; 8 seropositive), at different stages of gestation. Other 15 pregnant dams were kept as non-vaccinated controls. No abortions, stillbirths or fetal abnormalities were seen after vaccination. Seroconversion was observed in both groups of previously seronegative vaccinated animals. In the second part of the study, the potential of the gE- vaccine virus to spread among beef cattle under field conditions was examined. Four heifers were inoculated intranasally with a larger amount (10(7,6) TCID50) of the gE- vaccine (to increase chances of transmission) and mixed with other sixteen animals at the same age and body condition, in the same grazing area, at a population density equal to the average cattle farming density within the region (one cattle head per 10,000 m²), for 180 days. All animals were monitored daily for clinical signs. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 30, 60 and 180 post-vaccination. Seroconversion was observed only in vaccinated heifers. These results indicate that, under the conditions of the present study, the gE- vaccine virus did not cause any noticeable harmful effect on pregnant dams and on its offspring and did not spread horizontally among cattle.

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Bovine Herpesvirus Type 4 (BoHV-4) Vector Delivering Nucleocapsid Protein of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Induces Comparable Protective Immunity against Lethal Challenge in IFNα/β/γR−/− Mice Models

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11030237 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 237 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Touraj Aligholipour Farzani ◽

Katalin Földes ◽

Alireza Hanifehnezhad ◽

Burcu Yener Ilce ◽

Seval Bilge Dagalp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Specific Antibody ◽

Viral Vector ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Herpesvirus Type ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽

Challenge Experiment

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the causative agent of a tick-borne infection with a significant mortality rate of up to 40% in endemic areas, with evidence of geographical expansion. Due to a lack of effective therapeutics and control measures, the development of a protective CCHFV vaccine remains a crucial public health task. This paper describes, for the first time, a Bovine herpesvirus type 4 (BoHV-4)-based viral vector (BoHV4-∆TK-CCHFV-N) and its immunogenicity in BALB/c and protection potential in IFNα/β/γR−/− mice models in comparison with two routinely used vaccine platforms, namely, Adenovirus type 5 and a DNA vector (pCDNA3.1 myc/His A), expressing the same antigen. All vaccine constructs successfully elicited significantly elevated cytokine levels and specific antibody responses in immunized BALB/c and IFNα/β/γR−/− mice. However, despite highly specific antibody responses in both animal models, the antibodies produced were unable to neutralize the virus in vitro. In the challenge experiment, only the BoHV4-∆TK-CCHFV-N and Ad5-N constructs produced 100% protection against lethal doses of the CCHFV Ank-2 strain in IFNα/β/γR−/− mice. The delivery platforms could not be compared due to similar protection rates in IFNα/β/γR−/− mice. However, during the challenge experiment in the T cell and passive antibody transfer assay, BoHV4-∆TK-CCHFV-N was dominant, with a protection rate of 75% compared to others. In conclusion, vector-based CCHFV N protein expression constitutes an effective approach for vaccine development and BoHV-4 emerged as a strong alternative to previously used viral vectors.

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Seroprevalence of BHV-1 (bovine herpesvirus type 1) among non-vaccinated dairy cattle herds with respiratory disorders

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.2478/v10181-012-0085-4 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 561-563 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

K. Rypuła ◽

K. Płoneczka-Janeczko ◽

J. Kita ◽

A. Kumala ◽

J.F. Żmudziński

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Herd Level ◽

Herpesvirus Type ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 ◽

Cattle Herds

Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate a herd-level seroprevalence of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) in herds with clinical symptoms of the respiratory tract. Eighty-three herds with suspected BHV-1 infection were selected and divided into two categories with respect to their size: small (n=27) and large herds (n=56). Samples were collected from calves, heifers and cows older than 24 months. Seroprevalence was determined using the gB ELISA test. The herd level seroprevalence was estimated as 53% (44/83) in the tested herds, 11.1% (3/27) in the small herds and 73.2% (41/56) in the large herds. Our study suggests that the current biosecurity measures still warrant improvement.

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Immunogenicity of an inactivated bovine herpesvirus type 5 strain defective in thymidine kinase and glycoprotein E

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2010000100009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 57-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mário Celso S. Brum ◽

Luizinho Caron ◽

Shafiqul I. Chowdhury ◽

Rudi Weiblen ◽

Eduardo Furtado Flores

Keyword(s):

Thymidine Kinase ◽

Recombinant Virus ◽

Vaccine Dose ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus ◽

Serological Response ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Glycoprotein E ◽

Herpesvirus Type ◽

Negative Results ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 5

The immunogenicity of an inactivated, experimental vaccine based on a bovine herpesvirus type 5 strain defective in thymidine kinase and glycoprotein E (BoHV-5 gE/TKΔ) was evaluated in cattle and the results were compared with a vaccine containing the parental BoHV-5 strain (SV507/99). To formulate the vaccines, each virus (wildtype SV507/99 and BoHV-5 gE/TK∆) was multiplied in cell culture and inactivated with binary ethyleneimine (BEI). Each vaccine dose contained approximately of 10(7.5) TCID50 of inactivated virus mixed with an oil-based adjuvant (46:54). Forty calves, 6 to 9-months-old, were allocated into two groups of 20 animals each and vaccinated twice (days 0 and 22pv) by the subcutaneous route with either vaccine. Serum samples collected at day 0 and at different intervals after vaccination were tested for virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies against the parental virus and against heterologous BoHV-5 and BoHV-1 isolates. The VN assays demonstrated seroconversion to the respective homologous viruses in all vaccinated animals after the second vaccine dose (mean titers of 17.5 for the wildtype vaccine; 24.1 for the recombinant virus). All animals remained reagents up to day 116 pv, yet showing a gradual reduction in VN titers. Animals from both vaccine groups reacted in similar VN titers to different BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 isolates, yet the magnitude of serological response of both groups was higher against BoHV-5 field isolates. Calves vaccinated with the recombinant virus did not develop antibodies to gE as verified by negative results in a gE-specific ELISA, what would allow serological differentiation from naturally infected animals. Taken together, these results indicate that inactivated antigens of BoHV-5 gE/TK recombinant virus induced an adequate serological response against BoHV-5 and BoHV-1 and thus can be used as an alternative, differential vaccine candidate.

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Antibodies against canine distemper virus, parvovirus and Ehrlichia spp. in wild captive carnivores in midwestern Brazil

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5333 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 1681-1684

Author(s):

Isis I.G.G. Taques ◽

Thaís O. Morgado ◽

Ísis A. Braga ◽

Regina C.R. Paz ◽

Sandra H.R. Corrêa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Canine Distemper Virus ◽

Clinical History ◽

Neutralization Assay ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Canine Distemper ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Virus Neutralization Assay ◽

Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽

History Of ◽

Indirect Immunofluorescent

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV), parvovirus and Ehrlichia spp. in wild captive carnivores was evaluated in a zoological park in midwestern Brazil. Serum samples were collected between 2007 and 2014 from 45 carnivores. Antibodies were evaluated by virus neutralization assay for CDV, hemagglutination inhibition test for parvovirus, indirect immunofluorescent and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Ehrlichia spp. Antibodies against CDV and parvovirus were detected in 75% of Canidae and Felidae. Procyonidae were negative for CDV, although one Mustelidae was positive. TwoCanidae presented antibodies reactive to E. canis antigens. The high antibodies rates to CDV and parvovirus suggest the contact with both pathogens, however since no clinical history of disease are registered in the Zoo-UFMT, we can presume that carnivores have responded satisfactorily against the antigens. The low serological rates observed against Ehrlichia spp. may be resulted to the low occurrence of ticks among carnivores.

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Variable loss of antibody potency against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron)

10.1101/2021.12.19.473354 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel J. Sheward ◽

Changil Kim ◽

Roy A. Ehling ◽

Alec Pankow ◽

Xaquin Castro Dopico ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Workers ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Neutralization Assay ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Pseudotyped Virus ◽

Virus Neutralization Assay ◽

Form Part ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Cross Neutralization

The recently-emerged SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 variant (Omicron) is spreading rapidly in many countries, with a spike that is highly diverged from the pandemic founder, raising fears that it may evade neutralizing antibody responses. We cloned the Omicron spike from a diagnostic sample which allowed us to rapidly establish an Omicron pseudotyped virus neutralization assay, sharing initial neutralization results only 13 days after the variant was first reported to the WHO, 8 days after receiving the sample. Here we show that Omicron is substantially resistant to neutralization by several monoclonal antibodies that form part of clinical cocktails. Further, we find neutralizing antibody responses in pooled reference sera sampled shortly after infection or vaccination are substantially less potent against Omicron, with neutralizing antibody titers reduced by up to 45 fold compared to those for the pandemic founder. Similarly, in a cohort of convalescent sera prior to vaccination, neutralization of Omicron was low to undetectable. However, in recent samples from two cohorts from Stockholm, Sweden, antibody responses capable of cross-neutralizing Omicron were prevalent. Sera from infected-then-vaccinated healthcare workers exhibited robust cross-neutralization of Omicron, with an average potency reduction of only 5-fold relative to the pandemic founder variant, and some donors showing no loss at all. A similar pattern was observed in randomly sampled recent blood donors, with an average 7-fold loss of potency. Both cohorts showed substantial between-donor heterogeneity in their ability to neutralize Omicron. Together, these data highlight the extensive but incomplete evasion of neutralizing antibody responses by the Omicron variant, and suggest that increasing the magnitude of neutralizing antibody responses by boosting with unmodified vaccines may suffice to raise titers to levels that are protective.

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The Dengue ED3 Dot Assay, a Novel Serological Test for the Detection of Denguevirus Type-Specific Antibodies and Its Application in a Retrospective Seroprevalence Study

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11040304 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 304 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Heidi Auerswald ◽

Leonard Klepsch ◽

Sebastian Schreiber ◽

Janne Hülsemann ◽

Kati Franzke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Specific Antibody ◽

Serological Test ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Protein Domain ◽

Antibody Detection ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Domain 3

: There are four distinct antigenic serotypes of dengue viruses (DENV-1-4). Sequential infections with different serotypes lead to crossreactive but also serotypespecific neutralizing antibody responses. Neutralization assays are considered as gold standard for serotype-specific antibody detection. However, for retrospective seroprevalence studies, access to large serum quantities is limited making neutralization assays well-nigh impossible. Therefore, a serological test, wasting only 10 µL serum, was developed using fusion proteins of maltose binding protein and E protein domain 3 (MBP-ED3) as antigens. Twelve MBP-ED3 antigens for DENV-1-4, three MBP-ED3 antigens for WNV, JEV, and TBEV, and MBP were dotted onto a single nitrocellulose strip. ED3 dot assay results were compared to virus neutralization and ED3 ELISA test results, showing a >90% accordance for DENV-1 and a 100% accordance for DENV-2, making the test specifically useful for DENV-1/-2 serotype-specific antibody detection. Since 2010, DENV-1 has replaced DENV-2 as the dominant serotype in Cambodia. In a retrospective cohort analysis, sera collected during the DENV-1/-2 endemic period showed a shift to DENV-2-specific antibody responses in 2012 paralleled by the decline of DENV-2 infections. Altogether, the ED3 dot assay is a serum-, time- and money-saving diagnostic tool for serotype-specific antibody detection, especially when serum samples are limited.

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Efficacy of a gE-deleted, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) inactivated vaccine

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2009000700008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 545-551 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alessandra D. Silva ◽

Paulo A. Esteves ◽

Diogenes Dezen ◽

Anna P. Oliveira ◽

Fernando R. Spilki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Signs ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Inactivated Vaccine ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus 1 ◽

Glycoprotein E ◽

Corticosteroid Administration ◽

Herpesvirus Type ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is recognized as a major cause of economic losses in cattle. Vaccination has been widely applied to minimize losses induced by BoHV-1 infections. We have previously reported the development of a differential BoHV-1 vaccine, based on a recombinant glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted virus (265gE-). In present paper the efficacy of such recombinant was evaluated as an inactivated vaccine. Five BoHV-1 seronegative calves were vaccinated intramuscularly on day 0 and boostered 30 days later with an inactivated, oil adjuvanted vaccine containing an antigenic mass equivalent to 10(7.0) fifty per cent cell culture infectious doses (CCID50) of 265gE-. Three calves were kept as non vaccinated controls. On day 60 post vaccination both vaccinated and controls were challenged with the virulent parental strain. No clinical signs or adverse effects were seen after or during vaccination. After challenge, 2/5 vaccinated calves showed mild clinical signs of infection, whereas all non vaccinated controls displayed intense rhinotracheitis and shed virus for longer and to higher titres than vaccinated calves. Serological responses were detected in all vaccinated animals after the second dose of vaccine, but not on control calves. Following corticosteroid administration in attempting to induce reactivation of the latent infection, no clinical signs were observed in vaccinated calves, whereas non vaccinated controls showed clinical signs of respiratory disease. In view of its immunogenicity and protective effect upon challenge with a virulent BoHV-1, the oil adjuvanted preparation with the inactivated 265gE- recombinant was shown to be suitable for use as a vaccine.

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