scholarly journals Eimeria species in young and adult sheep raised under intensive and / or semi-intensive systems of a herd from Umuarama city, Parana State, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 2031-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes ◽  
Fernando de Almeida Borges ◽  
Thais de Paula Faiolla ◽  
Liliane Tada Antunes ◽  
Dyego Gonçalves Lino Borges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
High Level

The present study aimed to identify Eimeria species in young and adult sheep raised under intensive and / or semi-intensive systems of a herd from Umuarama city, Parana State, Brazil using the traditional diagnostic methods and to correlate the infection level/types of infection in the different age/system in this herd. Fecal samples were collected from the rectum of 210 sheep and were subjected to laboratory analysis to differentiate the species. Furthermore, animals were observed to determine the occurrences of the clinical or subclinical forms of eimeriosis. Out of the 210 collected fecal samples, 147 (70%) were positive for Eimeria oocysts, and 101 (47.86%) belonged to young animals that were raised under intensive and / or semi-intensive farming systems. Oocysts from 9 species of Eimeria parasites were identified in the sheep at the following prevalence rates: E. crandallis, 50.0%; E. parva, 21.6%; E. faurei, 8.1%; E. ahsata, 8.1%; E. intricata, 5.4%; E. granulosa , 2.7%; E. ovinoidalis , 2.0%; E. ovina , 1.3%; and E. bakuensis , 0.6%. There were no differences regarding the more frequent Eimeria species among the different ages of animals or between the different farming management systems. Based on these data, E. crandallis was the most prevalent, followed by E. parva and E. faurei species, regardless of the age. Higher parasitism was diagnosed in the young animals that were raised in a confinement regime, and the disease found in the herd was classified as subclinical. Further studies should be conducted in this herd, to verify if the eimeriosis subclinical can cause damage especially in young animals with a high level of infection.

scholarly journals The Fatty Acid Profile of Meat from New Zealand White Rabbits Raised under Intensive and Extensive Production Systems

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3126
Author(s):  
Tomasz Daszkiewicz ◽  
Andrzej Gugołek ◽  
Dorota Kubiak ◽  
Krzysztof Kerbaum ◽  
Ewa Burczyk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Pelleted Diet

The aim of this study was to compare the fatty acid (FA) profile of meat from New Zealand White rabbits raised from 30 to 90 days of age under intensive (IPS) and extensive (EPS) production systems. In group IPS, the rabbits were housed in wire mesh cages with a slatted floor (16.7 animals/m2) and were fed a commercial pelleted diet. In group EPS, the rabbits were housed in free-standing cages on straw litter (2.5 animals/m2) and were fed a conventional farm-made diet (green fodder, barley grain, stale bread, hay). The FA profile of intramuscular fat (IMF) was analyzed in samples of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle. The analyzed production systems had no significant effect on the content of most FAs in IMF. However, the differences between group means contributed to more desirable values of the quality indicators of IMF (in particular in the LTL muscle) in group IPS. The study demonstrated that the claim that meat produced under less intensive farming systems is of superior quality could be an oversimplified generalization that should be validated in research.

scholarly journals Pattern of resilient age-related measles immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-380
Author(s):  
A. G. Sonis ◽  
O. A. Gusyakova ◽  
F. N. Gilmiyarova ◽  
A. A. Ereshchenko ◽  
N. K. Ignatova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
High Level ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Igg Level

Epidemiological situation describing global measles spread is ambiguous. Along with countries succeeded in measles eradication, there are those wherein measles rate remains at quite high level. Because measles is a vaccine-preventable infection, it may then be eradicated solely by ensuring sufficient population coverage with preventive vaccination. The aim of our study was to assess level of measles immunity in medical workers at the Clinics of Samara State Medical University as well as the Samara State Medical University. There were enrolled 1503 subjects (aged 18–79 years), among which all individuals under 55 (77.58%) but not older counterparts provided with medical record on previous measles vaccination or measles infection. Level of serum measles virus-specific IgG antibodies was measured by using ELISA (VektoKor-IgG, JSC Vector-Best, Novosibirsk), with mean concentration ranging in general population within 1.02±0.02 IU/ ml. Positive results were observed in 72.52% of the examined individuals. Average vs. high measles virus-specific IgG level was detected in 52.90% (mean age — 41.4±0.5 years) and 19.62% (mean age — 54.2±0.72 years) of individuals, whereas at level below threshold — in 27.48% of subjects (mean age — 33.25±0.53 years). Thus, in 34.16% of the surveyed vaccinated individuals mostly presented by young subjects contained anti-measles virus-specific antibodies below protective level. Older age groups were shown to increase in average IgG amount with age. Interestingly, age-related measles immunity pattern was observed: percentage of subjects with high vs. low measles virus-specific IgG level increases and decreases, respectively. Taking into consideration a large percentage of subjects previously vaccinated against measles among carriers of low measles immunity, it may be concluded that measles virus-specific IgG antibody level must be monitored in young adulthood to decide of whether subsequent revaccination is necessary.

scholarly journals Features of the use of additive technologies in operative orthopaedics

TRAUMA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
A.N. Kosiakov ◽  
A.Ye. Loskutov ◽  
K.A. Hrebennikov ◽  
A.V. Miloserdov ◽  
Ye.M. Fedin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Physical Object ◽  
Additive Technologies ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Standard Tool ◽  
Level Of Training ◽  
High Level

Background. Additive technologies are increasingly making their way from university laboratories and high-tech industries into routine clinical practice and even into our everyday lives. Any enthusiast, having a PC and a 3D printer at his or her disposal, can create any physical object — from children’s toys to works of art. The presence on the market of a wide range of software pro-ducts, equipment, and consumables along with the data from mo-dern diagnostic methods, a high level of training and cooperation between doctors and engineers provide practical medicine with unprecedented opportunities. We are finally able to fully customize our treatment and diagnostic procedures: to perform precise preoperative planning; to draw up a detailed plan of the operation; to rehearse the intervention on full-scale anatomical prototypes using a standard tool; to conduct the surgery as quickly and atraumatically as possible; to minimize risks; to ensure the optimal functional result and to manufacture and install customized implants in the most difficult cases. The purpose was to draw the attention of our distinguished colleagues to the aspects of application of additive technologies in modern orthopaedic practice, to introduce them into the history and current state of medical prototyping, as well as to share technological nuances with them. Materials and methods. While writing this article, we incorporated the data of recent publications in specialized domestic and foreign periodicals, several monographs, materials from thematic conferences, the results of informal conversations with colleagues in the operating rooms, at the computer and production site, as well as our own experience (over 200 cases of prototyping). Conclusions. The availability of equipment, software, and consumables allows for the introduction of additive technology into the everyday practice of nearly every modern orthopaedic and trauma clinic.

scholarly journals Burden of viral hepatitis caused by specific aetiologies in China, 1990-2016: findings from the GBD 2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Li ◽  
Zhuo-qun Wang ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Hao Zheng ◽  
Mai-geng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Total Incidence ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
High Level

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study is to quantify the burden caused by viral hepatitis in China from 1990 to 2016. Methods: Data from the GBD 2016 study were extracted to calculate incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Trends in DALYs were assessed in 33 provinces/regions. Results: From 1990 to 2016, the total incidence of hepatitis decreased by 88.5%. However, the prevalence of hepatitis (counts in thousands), increased by 37.6% from 153,856 (95% UI: 136,047-172,319) in 1990 to 211,721 (95% UI: 179,776-240,981) in 2016, with age-standardized prevalence rates changing slightly. The number and age-standardized rates of prevalence increased by 35.9% and 1.6% for hepatitis B, respectively, and by 81.8% and 30.4% for hepatitis C. Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan had the highest age-standardized prevalence rates (≥16,500 per 100,000). Tibet, Qinghai and Gansu had the highest age-standardized DALYs rates (≥40 per 100,000). The largest absolute number of DALYs was observed in the 15-49 year age group in 2016. The highest rate of DALYs occurred in males aged 50-69 years and in females aged ≧70 years. Conclusion: The incidence and DALYs of viral hepatitis decreased dramatically from 1990 to 2016. However, the prevalence still remains at a high level, which may result in heavy burdens in the future.

Multivariate management systems of long-term hayfields in the Central Non-Chernozem region of Russia

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
С.А. Запивалов
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Grass Growth ◽  
Soil Water Resources

В Центральном районе Нечернозёмной зоны в 2018–2020 годах изучалось шесть систем ведения долголетнего сенокоса. В среднем за годы исследования применение техногенной системы позволило получить 3,86 т/га сухого вещества (СВ), применение интегрированной — 5,08 т/га СВ, техногенно-органической — 4,75–5,16 т/га СВ, техногенно-минеральной экстенсивной — 3,97–7,13 т/га СВ, техногенно-минеральной интенсивной — 6,60–8,85 т/га СВ, комбинированной — 7,03–7,25 т/га СВ. Существенное влияние на урожайность оказывали погодные условия. В засушливый год не был сформирован полноценный 2-й укос, что не позволило травостоям реализовать потенциал продуктивности. Более эффективно ограниченный запас влаги в почве использовался в техногенно-минеральной интенсивной системе. В условиях достаточной влагообеспеченности был получен полноценный второй укос, составляющий 30–50% сбора СВ за сезон. При улучшении условий увлажнения урожайность наиболее заметно повышалась при применении техногенно-минеральной интенсивной системы. Отмечена высокая экономическая эффективность применения всех изучаемых систем за счёт длительного использования травостоя. В зависимости от технологии рентабельность производства корма составляла 74–220%, себестоимость 1 корм. ед. — 3,12–5,75 руб. Для получения 65,2–88,0 ГДж, 5,1–6,8 тыс. корм. ед. и 781–1153 кг сырого протеина с 1 га на суходольных лугах Центрального района Нечернозёмной зоны рекомендуется применять техногенно-минеральную интенсивную систему ведения сенокоса. В случае недостаточной обеспеченности хозяйств материально-техническими ресурсами рекомендуются техногенная, интегрированная, техногенно-органическая и техногенно-минеральная экстенсивная системы ведения, позволяющие поддерживать высокое участие бобовых видов в травостое, что обеспечивает использование биологического источника азота и позволяет получить с 1 га сенокосных угодий 39,0–56,7 ГДж, 3,1–4,5 тыс. корм. ед. и 462–688 кг сырого протеина. Six management systems for long-term hayfields were tested in the Central Non-Chernozem region in 2018–2020. Without fertilization 3.86 t ha-1 of dry matter (DM) was obtained. Integrated farming resulted in 5.08 t DM ha-1, application of organic fertilizers — 4.75–5.16 t DM ha-1, extensive farming with mineral fertilization — 3.97–7.13 t DM ha-1, intensive farming with mineral fertilization — 6.60–8.85 t DM ha-1, combined management system — 7.03–7.25 t DM ha-1. Weather significantly affected crop productivity. Under drought grasses showed poor growth after the first cut leading to low yield. Intensive farming with mineral fertilization allowed more effective use of soil water resources. Sufficient water availability positively affected grass growth after the first cut resulting in 30–50% of DM yield for a season. The best performance was observed under intensive farming with mineral fertilization. All the management systems provided high economic efficiency due to a long-term cultivation of swards. Payback amounted to 74–220%, prime cost of 1 feed unit — 3.12–5.75 rubles. Intensive farming with mineral fertilization was recommended in order to obtain 65.2–88.0 GJ, 5.1–6.8 thousand feed units and 781–1153 kg of crude protein from 1 ha. In case of insufficient material and technical resources other above-mentioned systems can be used, except for the combined one. These management systems maintained high proportion of legumes in swards, an effective mean to obtain nitrogen via nitrogen-fixing bacteria. As a result, swards yielded 39.0–56.7 GJ, 3.1–4.5 thousand feed units and 462–688 kg of crude protein from 1 ha.

Availability and utilisation pattern of agricultural waste at household level in selected areas of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110644
Author(s):  
MA Monayem Miah ◽  
Md Enamul Haque ◽  
Richard W Bell ◽  
Md Wakilur Rahman ◽  
Sohela Akhter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Organic Fertiliser ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Novel Approach

The use of organic fertilisers and soil amendments are almost universally recommended for improving the organic matter levels and maintaining soil health, but few studies documenting the actual availability and quality of such materials on smallholder farms are available. We selected a case study of 300 households from northern and southern Bangladesh to assess the types of waste materials available for recycling and their usage patterns at household level and we applied a novel approach to empirically identify household waste as input inefficiency in a production context. Northern districts have highly intensive farming systems whereas southern districts have low intensity farming. The total amount of agricultural waste produced at household level was estimated at 822 kg per month. Cow dung contributed about 65% of the total waste followed by animal feed refusal waste (11%), garbage (7%) and kitchen waste (6%). Most of the farmers utilised cow dung and wastes as organic fertiliser and lesser amounts as cooking fuel. Econometric analysis shows that the number of cattle and small ruminant per holding, total area of cultivated land and family size were significant factors that influence the amount of waste production at household level. Each household can reduce the chemical fertiliser cost by Tk. 1463 (US$ 17.84) per month by using compost prepared from household waste. There were ample opportunities for compost/vermicomposting and potential markets. The Department of Agricultural Extension from the public sector and private sector agents might motivate farmers to harvest the potential benefits of agricultural waste through effective management and utilisation.

scholarly journals Burden of viral hepatitis caused by specific aetiologies in China, 1990–2016: findings from the GBD 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Li ◽  
Zhuo-qun Wang ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Hao Zheng ◽  
Mai-geng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Total Incidence ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background The aim of this study is to quantify the burden caused by viral hepatitis in China from 1990 to 2016. Methods Data from the GBD 2016 study were extracted to calculate incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Trends in DALYs were assessed in 33 provinces/regions. Results From 1990 to 2016, the total incidence of hepatitis decreased by 88.5%. However, the prevalence of hepatitis (counts in thousands), increased by 37.6% from 153,856 (95% UI: 136,047-172,319) in 1990 to 211,721 (95% UI: 179,776-240,981) in 2016, with age-standardized prevalence rates changing slightly. The number and age-standardized rates of prevalence increased by 35.9 and 1.6% for hepatitis B, respectively, and by 81.8 and 30.4% for hepatitis C. Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan had the highest age-standardized prevalence rates (≥16,500 per 100,000). Tibet, Qinghai and Gansu had the highest age-standardized DALYs rates (≥40 per 100,000). The largest absolute number of DALYs was observed in the 15–49 year age group in 2016. The highest rate of DALYs occurred in males aged 50–69 years and in females aged ≧70 years. Conclusion The incidence and DALYs of viral hepatitis decreased dramatically from 1990 to 2016. However, the prevalence still remains at a high level, which may result in heavy burdens in the future.

Issues of sustainability and sustainable land management

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Zinck ◽  
A. Farshad
Keyword(s):  
Land Management ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Land Evaluation ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Sustainable Land Management ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Land Management System

The concept of sustainability shows many facets. Ecologists, environmentalists, agronomists, sociologists, economists and politicians use it with different connotations. In addition, the sustainability of land management systems varies in space, according to climate, soil, technology and societal conditions. Sustainable farming systems vary also in time, as they evolve and may collapse, frequently together with the corresponding sociosystems. Because of its complexity, sustainability is difficult to measure directly and requires the use of appropriate indicators for assessment. A good indicator is free of bias, sensitive to temporal changes and spatial variability, predictive and referenced to threshold values. Relevant data are often incomplete or inadequate for indicator implementation. To embrace the whole width of sustainability, several methods and techniques should be used concurrently, including land evaluation and coevolutionary, retrospective and knowledge-based approaches. It is, however, at the application level that major constraints arise. A sustainable land management system must satisfy a large variety of requirements, including technological feasibility, economic viability, political desirability, administrative manageability, social acceptability, and environmental soundness. Real world conditions at farm and policy-making levels need to be substantially improved to achieve sustainable land management. Key words: Definition, assessment and implementation issues of sustainable land management

scholarly journals Creating the Cicerone Project: seeking closer engagement between livestock producers, research and extension

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sutherland ◽  
J. M. Scott ◽  
G. D. Gray ◽  
R. R. Woolaston
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Steering Committee ◽  
Agricultural Ecosystem ◽  
Industry Funding ◽  
Research Education ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many ◽  
High Level

A unique project led by livestock producers, called the Cicerone Project, was undertaken on the Northern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia, following acknowledgement by those producers of a widening gap between them and research and extension information. The overall aim of the project was to co-learn, through a partnership between livestock producers, research, extension and other specialists, how to improve the profitability and sustainability of grazing enterprises in that region. It was hypothesised that closer engagement would help to guide relevant research efforts and also enhance the adoption of research findings. With the support of industry funding and the collaboration of key research, education and extension partners, the inaugural steering committee of the Cicerone Project commissioned a survey of over 300 land managers in the region to explore their research and adoption needs. The survey identified the most important issues and found a high level of commitment to the formation of this producer-led project. Negotiations between all collaborators led to the creation of a Business Plan prepared as the basis for an initial funding period of 5 years. Subsequent reviews of the project allowed for extensions with associated activities over an additional 4 years. In order to study the key farm management alternatives identified from the producer survey, the Cicerone Project Board decided to adopt an agricultural ecosystem approach which conducted studies using three whole-farmlet systems. The farmlet experiment compared three contiguous farmlets by measuring as many aspects of the farm systems as possible using an approach summarised in the motto adopted by the Cicerone Project of ‘compare–measure–learn–adopt’. A wide range of field days and seminars were held over the duration of the project to deliver the results to the producer members. This paper provides an introduction to a Special Issue containing 24 papers which report on the entirety of the project from planning, to execution, results, and reflections on the value obtained from the many research and extension activities, with particular emphasis on the farming systems trial conducted between 2000 and 2006.

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