Agroforestry: Opportunities and Challenges in Timor-Leste

Agro forestry is a land management system that integrates trees, agriculture crops, and animal farming in order to provide a diverse range of ecosystem services. Timor-Leste, the newest country and one of the least developed counties, has faced multidimensional challenges on land use management, including deforestation, land degradation, and poverty. The agroforestry system is recognized as one of the viable options for balancing the socio-economic needs and ecological functions of the lands in Timor-Leste. The system has been practiced traditionally by farmers in the country; however, the lack of knowledge and experience, limited institutional capacity, and lack of funding have impeded the wider implantation of the agroforestry system in Timor-Leste. The Strategic Development Plan of Timor-Leste has recommended sustainable agriculture and natural resources management in the rural areas of the country to generate income and create employment for the youths. The paper presents the initiatives, challenges, and opportunities of agroforestry application in Timor-Leste to support sustainable forest management and livelihood improvement. Learning from existing initiatives, capacity building, market access, and financial incentives could promote the agroforestry system in the country.

The Land Rights Which Can Be Given On The Land Management System

This research to understand management Right which defined in the Government Regulation No. 18 of 2021 Article 1 No. 3 as the State’s ownership right in which a part of the authorization is given to the Management Right holder. The type of research was juridical normative law research, which was a research that emphasizes in written documents as the main law resources, such as regulations, court decisions, law theories, and scholar’s opinions. There were 2 (two) approaches used to support this research. The first one was statute approach, which was done by analyzing all the related regulations and others that were related to currently law issues. One of the authorities that the holder has is to hand in parts of the Management Right land to a third party and/or cooperating with a third party. If the land is used by a third party, then a Land Right has to be given on the land for the third party’s basis to utilize and/or use the land. The handing of Land Rights to a third party must be done with the holder’s agreement. Therefore, the third party uses the land with the right on a certain land that is initiated on the Management Right land. The main issue that will be discussed is what types of land rights that can be given on the lands. This research is a law research with a normative law research method. Besides that, this research uses statute approach and conceptual approach. The conclusion is the land rights that can be given on the land are Building Rights on Land and Land Use Rights.

From conflicting to complementing: The formalisation of customary land management systems governing swidden cultivation in Myanmar

<p>Swiddening is a traditional and widespread agricultural system in mountainous regions of Southeast Asia. It is prevalent in Myanmar’s hilly border region. However, economic, political, demographic, social and technological drivers in this region are causing this form of land use to undergo significant transition. This transition is affecting the customary land use rights of swidden farmers. Throughout Myanmar’s tumultuous history, customary land management systems and the state land management system have been poorly integrated. This has led to customary land use rights receiving little formal recognition and left customary right-holders vulnerable to exploitation. Recent political and economic developments within Myanmar have prompted changes to the state land management system. The Myanmar government introduced the Farmland Law 2012 and the Vacant Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law 2012 which significantly altered how agricultural land is managed. However, these laws also contain minimal interaction with customary land management systems. In relation to swidden cultivation, the legislation is unclear how land under customary tenure is identified, how communally-held land is recognised and what swidden practices are legally permitted. The draft National Land Use Policy released in late 2014 reveals progress in addressing these issues. However, greater clarity is needed with regard to how the policy is implemented. Many lessons may also be derived from the experiences of surrounding Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines and Cambodia, in the way customary land use rights are incorporated into state legislation. The goal of this thesis is to propose how customary land management systems may be integrated into the state land management system in order for customary land use rights over swidden land to be recognised as comprehensively as possible by the state. The legislative framework should also allow sufficient flexibility for local farmers to adapt to changing circumstances. The identification of swidden land will be considered in the context of producing maps of customary land use, the management of swidden land under collective land-holding structures will be discussed with regard to pressures to individualise land-holding and the use of swidden cultivation practices will be considered in light of proposed development projects. The current political and economic climate in Myanmar indicates some willingness to acknowledge and address these issues. There is hope that customary land management systems and the state land management system will begin to complement, instead of conflict with, each other in order to enable swidden farmers to access their customarily held land into the future.</p>

From conflicting to complementing: The formalisation of customary land management systems governing swidden cultivation in Myanmar

<p>Swiddening is a traditional and widespread agricultural system in mountainous regions of Southeast Asia. It is prevalent in Myanmar’s hilly border region. However, economic, political, demographic, social and technological drivers in this region are causing this form of land use to undergo significant transition. This transition is affecting the customary land use rights of swidden farmers. Throughout Myanmar’s tumultuous history, customary land management systems and the state land management system have been poorly integrated. This has led to customary land use rights receiving little formal recognition and left customary right-holders vulnerable to exploitation. Recent political and economic developments within Myanmar have prompted changes to the state land management system. The Myanmar government introduced the Farmland Law 2012 and the Vacant Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law 2012 which significantly altered how agricultural land is managed. However, these laws also contain minimal interaction with customary land management systems. In relation to swidden cultivation, the legislation is unclear how land under customary tenure is identified, how communally-held land is recognised and what swidden practices are legally permitted. The draft National Land Use Policy released in late 2014 reveals progress in addressing these issues. However, greater clarity is needed with regard to how the policy is implemented. Many lessons may also be derived from the experiences of surrounding Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines and Cambodia, in the way customary land use rights are incorporated into state legislation. The goal of this thesis is to propose how customary land management systems may be integrated into the state land management system in order for customary land use rights over swidden land to be recognised as comprehensively as possible by the state. The legislative framework should also allow sufficient flexibility for local farmers to adapt to changing circumstances. The identification of swidden land will be considered in the context of producing maps of customary land use, the management of swidden land under collective land-holding structures will be discussed with regard to pressures to individualise land-holding and the use of swidden cultivation practices will be considered in light of proposed development projects. The current political and economic climate in Myanmar indicates some willingness to acknowledge and address these issues. There is hope that customary land management systems and the state land management system will begin to complement, instead of conflict with, each other in order to enable swidden farmers to access their customarily held land into the future.</p>

Erosion and sedimentation analysis due to land use changes in the Krueng Pase watershed

Human interactions with watershed can have positive and negative impact. The positive impact can improve socio-economic conditions. However, the negative impact is the degradation of the watershed function. For example, it’s continued increase in erosion rate on the land. The purpose of this study is to analyze erosion and sedimentation due to land use changes using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) methods. Data collecting to determine erosion and sedimentation values are rainfall, soil erodibility and soil moisture, land use, and river water samples. The biggest decreased land use changes occurred in forest by 5.87%, followed by agriculture which decreased by 0.65% and water body 0.047%. On the other hand, built-up area increased by 0.65% and land used for agriculture increased by 6.15%. Furthermore, the level of erosion hazard in the Krueng Pase watershed from 2009 to 2019 increased in area, the mild level of erosion hazard increased by 7.9% and the moderate level erosion hazard by 27.4%. The amount of sedimentation obtained using the MUSLE method in 2019 was 6,869,98 tons and in 2009 was 41,692,97 tons. Erosion valuein 2019 is relatively small compared to other years. It’s really depends on the rainfall and the discharge that occurs. Therefore, a good land management system, proper and appropriate technology used, eco-hydrology concept and the monitoring of land use change regularly are needed, so damage that impact the Krueng Pase watershed can be prevented and minimize.

Improving the efficiency of interaction between participants in land and property relations to optimize the land management system

At the present stage of land and property relations development in the Russian Federation, one of the most acute problems in the system of their regulation is the need to improve the work of control and supervisory bodies to improve the efficiency of land management. It is necessary to modernize the monitoring system, create effective systems for planning and rational use of territorial formations lands, within the framework of which competent, economically sound decisions on their sustainable development should be made. The main purpose of the processes study of participants’ interaction in land and property relations is to find solutions for optimizing the land management system.

Unlocking the Relationship between Land Finance and Regional Integration

Exploring the relationship between land finance and regional integration is of great significance for optimizing the land management system and promoting high-quality development. Previous studies focused on the impact of land finance on regional development, and rarely concerned the role of regional integration on land revenue. This study reveals the internal association mechanisms between land finance and regional integration, which might provide an integrated theoretical and empirical support for the coordinated development between urban land market and regional economy. We firstly provide a theoretically analytical framework for the relationship between the size of land finance, reliance on land finance, and regional integration, and three hypotheses are proposed. On this basis, an econometric analysis is conducted based on the panel data of the urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (UAMRYR) from 2003 to 2016. The results show that an increased amount of land finance revenue promotes the level of regional integration. Specifically, for every 1% increase in the size of land finance of UAMRYR, Wuhan city-clusters, and Chang-Zhu-Tan city-clusters, the level of regional integration will increase by 0.000040%, 0.000021%, and 0.000089%, respectively. Besides, the degree of land finance dependence has a negative impact on the level of regional integration. The threshold regression analysis indicates an inverted U–shaped curve could reflect the relationship between the level of regional integration and the degree of land financial dependence. This study argues that the governments in a particular urban agglomeration should clarify the net effect of the size of land finance and their reliance on land finance, and rationally introducing development strategy according to the synergy between land finance and regional integration.

Legislative Support for Expanding The Land Powers of Local Self-Government Bodies in Ukraine

The relevance of this study is conditioned by the implementation of the reform in the context of the decentralisation of power in Ukraine, the aspirations of Ukraine for European integration and the movement for the creation of a "Europe of Regions". The purpose of the study is to comprehensively investigate the legislative support for expanding the land powers of local self-government bodies in Ukraine in the context of the movement for the creation of a "Europe of Regions" based on the analysis of scientific opinions, generalisation of the provisions of Ukrainian legislation and positive experience of other countries. Universal methods were used in the study: dialectical, empirical, and logical. The general scientific methods of cognition used in this study include analysis and synthesis, generalisation, modelling, etc. In addition, the study applied the following special legal methods: conceptual legal, comparative legal, formal legal, etc. The leading method in the study was the comparative legal method. It helped compare the specific features of the practice of other countries in the field of legislative support for the expansion of land powers of local self-government bodies, as well as identify how this issue is regulated in different countries of the continental model of the land management system. Information and knowledge from different countries can be used as a basis for the adoption, adaptation, and development of new relevant provisions in Ukraine. Based on the legislation on local self-government and land legislation, the study analysed the main powers of local self-government bodies in the management of land relations. The experience of the land management system in developed countries is studied considering the movement for the creation of a "Europe of Regions", focusing the research on the continental model of the land management system.

DISTRIBUSI DAN KONTRIBUSI TENAGA KERJA DALAM KELUARGA TERHADAP PENGELOLAAN AGROFORESTRI DI HUTAN KEMASYARAKATAN, KABUPATEN LAMPUNG BARAT

Agroforestry is a land management system developed in the Bina Wana Community of Forest (HKm). Agroforestri in Community forest land is the main source of livelihood for communities around the forest. Labor is a resource that can affect the quality and quantity of forest product production, so it needs to be managed well in supporting agroforestry management in HKm. The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution and contribution of outpoured labor in the family for each agroforestry activity in Gapoktan HKm Bina Wana. The data collection method was conducted by survey using interviews using questionnaires to 24 Gapoktan members. Data analysis was carried out by tabulation for all purposes in this study. The results showed that the distribution of labor outflows was most abundant in harvesting and postharvesting activities, namely 23% of the total use of labor for all agroforestry management activities. Subsequent sequences were soil cultivation (19.09%), planting (14.33%), fertilizing (13.26%), weeding (18.77%), and spraying (10.56%). Total of use of labor is 68% which is included in workers outside of the family. The contribution labor in the family towards agroforestry management in HKm Bina Wana shows a percentage of 32% of total workforce used.